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  • 1
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    The ice-core record - Climate sensitivity and future greenhouse warming (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The prediction of future greenhouse-gas-warming depends critically on the sensitivity of earth's climate to increasing atmospheric concentrations of these gases. Data from cores drilled in polar ice sheets show a remarkable correlation between past glacial-interglacial temperature changes and the inferred atmospheric concentration of gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. These and other palaeoclimate data are used to assess the role of greenhouse gases in explaining past global climate change, and the validity of models predicting the effect of increasing concentrations of such gases in the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 347; 139-145
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  • 2
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    Effects of depth-dependent thermal expansivity on mantle circulations and lateral thermal anomalies (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The influences of depth-dependent thermal expansivity on the structure of Newtonian thermal convection and lateral thermal anomalies are studied. In an aspect-ratio ten box the effects of the depth-dependent expansivity are to produce large aspect-ratio cells with a few relatively stationary upwellings. The lateral thermal anomalies in the lower mantle are greatly diminished by depth-dependent expansivity. This together with a decrease in the temperature derivative of seismic velocities in the lower mantle would support the low level of lateral heterogeneities found in recent tomographic studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 18; 1261-126
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  • 3
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    An observation of the Gulf Stream surface front structure by ship, aircraft, and satellite. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evaluation of observations of surface temperature and salinity along the western edge of the Gulf Stream made from a ship and of concurrent temperature observations obtained by instrumented aircraft at six altitudes. The major feature along a five-kilometer line normal to the Stream's edge is a temperature gradient of about 0.75 C/kilometer within which are embedded two abrupt temperature increases of about 1.5 C. Temperature variations were compensated by salinity variations, yielding nearly constant density through the frontal zone; a sharp lateral current shear was associated with the thermohaline mixing region between the steps. The attenuation of surface temperature measured by the airborne radiometer was compared with a theoretical model. The analysis supports the view that a two-part correction technique is required: one part for bulk-skin temperature differences, and another for atmospheric attenuation of sea surface emission due to the mass and temperature of interfering gases.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 2; Feb. 197
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  • 4
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    A note on the use of sea surface temperature for observing ocean currents (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Sea surface temperature relationship with ocean currents, using bathythermograph data
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 5
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    Numerical simulations of thermal-chemical instabilities at the core-mantle boundary (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Numerical simulations of thermal-chemical instabilities in the D-double-prime layer at the core-mantle boundary are presented which show that strong lateral heterogeneities in the composition and density fields can be initiated and maintained dynamically if there is continuous replenishment of material from subduced slabs coming from the upper mantle. These chemical instabilities have a tendency to migrate laterally and may help to support core-mantle boundary topography with short and long wavelengths. The thermal-chemical flows produce a relatively stagnant D-double-prime layer with strong lateral and temporal variations in basal heat flux, which gives rise to thermal core-mantle interactions influencing the geodynamo.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 334; 237-240
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  • 6
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    Light scattering in planetary atmospheres (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper reviews scattering theory required for analysis of light reflected by planetary atmospheres. Section 1 defines the radiative quantities which are observed. Section 2 demonstrates the dependence of single-scattered radiation on the physical properties of the scatterers. Section 3 describes several methods to compute the effects of multiple scattering on the reflected light.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 16; Oct. 197
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  • 7
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    Greenhouse effect of trace gases, 1970-1980 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Increased abundances were measured for several trace atmospheric gases in the decade 1970-1980. The equilibrium greenhouse warming for the measured increments of CH4, chlorofluorocarbons and N2O is between 50% and 100% of the equilibrium warming for the measured increase of atmospheric CO2 during the same 10 years. The combined warming of CO2 and trace gases should exceed natural global temperature variability in the 1980's and cause the global mean temperature to rise above the maximum of the late 1930's.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Oct. 198
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  • 8
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    The role of hard turbulent thermal convection in the Earth's early thermal evolution (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: In the last several years great progress was made in the study of a new transition in thermal convection, called hard turbulence. Initial experiments were conducted with helium gas, then with water. It was shown that for base-heated Newtonian convection a transition occurred at Rayleigh numbers between 10(exp 7) and 10(exp 8). This transition is characterized by the appearance of disconnected plume structures in contrast to continuous plumes with mushroom-shaped tops found for lower Rayleigh numbers. This new hydrodynamic transition is expected to play an important role in reshaping our concepts of mantle convection in the early stages of planetary evolution. We have conducted two-dimensional calculations for large and small aspect-ratio configuration to see whether such a transition would take place for infinite Prandtl number fluids.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on the Physics and Chemistry of Magma Oceans from 1 Bar to 4 Mbar; p 19
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  • 9
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    Evidence for CO2-rich fluids in rocks from the type charnockite area near Pallavaram, Tamil Nadu (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Fluid inclusion and mineral chemistry data was presented for samples from the type charnockite area near Pallavaram (Tamil Nadu, India). The results indicate the presence of a dense CO2 fluid phase, but the data cannot distinguish between influx of this fluid from elsewhere or localized migration of CO2-rich fluids associated with dehydration melting.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on the Deep Continental Crust of South India; p 61-63
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    A general circulation model study of atmospheric carbon monoxide (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The carbon monoxide cycle is studied by incorporating the known and hypothetical sources and sinks in a tracer model that uses the winds generated by a general circulation model. Photochemical production and loss terms, which depend on OH radical concentrations, are calculated in an interactive fashion. The computed global distribution and seasonal variations of CO are compared with observations to obtain constraints on the distribution and magnitude of the sources and sinks of CO, and on the tropospheric abundance of OH. The simplest model that accounts for available observations requires a low latitude plant source of about 1.3 x 10 to the 15th g/yr, in addition to sources from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and oxidation of methane. The globally averaged OH concentration calculated in the model is 750,000/cu cm. Models that calculate globally averaged OH concentrations much lower than this nominal value are not consistent with the observed variability of CO. Such models are also inconsistent with measurements of CO isotopic abundances, which imply the existence of plant sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; April 20
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