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  • 1
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    Evidence for chaotic fault interactions in the seismicity of the San Andreas fault and Nankai trough (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The dynamical behavior introduced by fault interactions is examined here using a simple spring-loaded, slider-block model with velocity-weakening friction. The model consists of two slider blocks coupled to each other and to a constant-velocity driver by elastic springs. For an asymmetric system in which the frictional forces on the two blocks are not equal, the solutions exhibit chaotic behavior. The system's behavior over a range of parameter values seems to be generally analogous to that of weakly coupled segments of an active fault. Similarities between the model simulations and observed patterns of seismicity on the south central San Andreas fault in California and in the Nankai trough along the coast of southwestern Japan.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 348; 234-236
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  • 2
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    Properties of the lithosphere and asthenosphere deduced from geoid observations (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Data from the GEOS-3 and SEASAT Satellites provided a very accurate geoid map over the oceans. Broad bathymetric features in the oceans such as oceanic swells and plateaus are fully compensated. It is shown that the geoid anomalies due to the density structures of the lithosphere are proportional to the first moment of the density distribution. The deepening of the ocean basins is attributed to thermal isostasy. The thickness of the oceanic lithosphere increases with age due to the loss of heat to the sea floor. Bathymetry and the geoid provide constraints on the extent of this heat loss. Offsets in the geoid across major fracture zones can also be used to constrain this problem. Geoid bathymetry correlations show that the Hawaiian and Bermuda swells and the Cape Verde Rise are probably due to lithospheric thinning.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Geopotential Res. Mission (GRM); p 44-45
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  • 3
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    A steady state model for the distribution of stress and temperature on the San Andreas Fault (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 4
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    Was the early Earth completely molten? (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The nature of the interior of the primitive Earth was examined. The question is posted: was the Earth a cold solid or was it a hot liquid, much like a lava lakes seen in today's volcanic cauldrons. The various energy sources available to heat the primitive Earth to see if they are sufficient to cause melting were analyzed. The two largest contributors to the Earth's early heat appear to be the heat due to accretion and the heat of core formation. The Earth formed by the accretion of particles ranging in size from millimeters to hundreds of kilometers and each impact into the protoearth provided more energy to heat the body. It is found that early in the Earth's history, the sinking of iron to the center of the Earth to form the core released a substantial amount of energy; enough to heat the entire Earth an average 2000 deg C. Mechanisms for the removal of such a large amount of heat appear inadequate to prevent substantial melting, and it is assumed that the Earth was completely molten, i.e., a magma ocean at one time early in its history.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. 15th Lunar and Planetary Sci. Conf.; p 45-46
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  • 5
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    A renormalization group model for the stick-slip behavior of faults (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A fault which is treated as an array of asperities with a prescribed statistical distribution of strengths is described. For a linear array the stress is transferred to a single adjacent asperity and for a two dimensional array to three ajacent asperities. It is shown that the solutions bifurcate at a critical applied stress. At stresses less than the critical stress virtually no asperities fail on a large scale and the fault is locked. At the critical stress the solution bifurcates and asperity failure cascades away from the nucleus of failure. It is found that the stick slip behavior of most faults can be attributed to the distribution of asperities on the fault. The observation of stick slip behavior on faults rather than stable sliding, why the observed level of seismicity on a locked fault is very small, and why the stress on a fault is less than that predicted by a standard value of the coefficient of friction are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-173362 , NAS 1.26:173362 , CONTRIB-766
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  • 6
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    Dissipative melting as a mechanism for core formation (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Cosmochemical studies strongly favor a near-homogeneous accretion of the earth. These studies also show that core segregation probably occurred within the first 100,000 years of earth history. Mechanisms of core formation have received relatively little attention. The principal purpose of this paper is to examine dissipative melting as a possible mechanism for core segregation. For a large iron body migrating through the mantle, the potential energy lost by the body is dissipated by frictional heating. If the body has a radius greater than about 30 km, the frictional heating is sufficient to melt a path through which the body can fall. If the iron body is liquid (as expected) with a low viscosity, it would penetrate the mantle as a diapir. The problem of an immiscible liquid body melting its way through a solid is solved, and a family of diapir shapes is obtained. It is found that dissipative heating may be a viable mechanism for core segregation if sufficiently large bodies of liquid iron can form.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research, Supplement (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; B91-B96
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  • 7
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    A renormalization group approach to the stick-slip behavior of faults (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A fault which is treated as an array of asperities with a perscribed statistical distribution of strengths is described. For a linear array the stress is transferred to a single adjacent asperity and for a two dimensional array to three adjacent asperities. It is shown that the solutions bifurcate at a critical applied stress. At stresses less than the critical stress virtually no asperities fail on a large scale and the fault is locked. At the critical stress the solution bifurcates and asperity failure cascades away from the nucleus of failure. It is found that the stick slip behavior of most faults can be attributed to the distribution of asperities on the fault. The observation of stick slip behavior on faults rather than stable sliding, why the observed level of seismicity on a locked fault is very small, and why the stress on a fault is less than that predicted by a standard value of the coefficient of friction are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 1894-190
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  • 8
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    Lithospheric instabilities (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In this paper we define a mantle geoid. This is the height that hot solid mantle rock from the asthenosphere would attain if it were not confined by the lithosphere. The mantle geoid lies 3.25 km below the hydrogeoid (sea level). Hot mantle rock cannot entirely penetrate the continental lithosphere. One consequence of this partial penetration is rifting; as a result of rifting an accreting plate margin may be created. Hot mantle rock from the asthenosphere can penetrate through the oceanic lithosphere if the sea floor lies below the mantle geoid. Penetration of the oceanic lithosphere by this solid mantle rock is a necessary condition for the initiation of subduction. We argue that the same processes that are associated with rifting in continental lithosphere will be associated with behind arc spreading and the initiation of subduction in the oceanic lithosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 9
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    Geoid Anomalies and the Near-Surface Dipole Distribution of Mass (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Although geoid or surface gravity anomalies cannot be uniquely related to an interior distribution of mass, they can be related to a surface mass distribution. However, over horizontal distances greater than about 100 km, the condition of isostatic equilibrium above the asthenosphere is a good approximation and the total mass per unit column is zero. Thus the surface distribution of mass is also zero. For this case we show that the surface gravitational potential anomaly can be uniquely related to a surface dipole distribution of mass. Variations in the thickness of the crust and lithosphere can be expected to produce undulations in the geoid.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Appl. of Geodesy to Geodyn., an Intern. Symp.; p 257-260
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  • 10
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    Convection in the earth's mantle (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The computer is used to solve for thermal convection within the earth's mantle. A review of the knowledge of surface displacements and of the present understanding of the mantle and its relevant physical and chemical properties is contained in the paper. Applicable equations assume a Newtonian fluid layer heated from below and within, with gravity acting downward. The numerical method employs finite differences and was constructed with a view toward the faithful simulation of coupling mechanisms. It enables surveying the effect of a parameter using a relatively coarse computing mesh. Some of the results obtained are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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