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  • 1
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    International Reference Ionosphere: Past, present, and future. I - Electron density. II - Plasma temperatures, ion composition and ion drift (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The most important investigations leading to the International Reference Ionosphere 1990 (IRI-90) are overviewed, and the latest version of the model is described. The shortcomings and limitations of the IRI-90 are pointed out, together with the ways of overcoming them. The list of studies that the IRI group has yet to carry out includes the investigations of magnetic storm effects as the highest priority. This paper discusses determinations of and the available data on the electron density, plasma temperatures, ion composition, and ion drift in the ionosphere, together with future improvements needed on these parameters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 13; 3; p. 3-13, 15-23.
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  • 2
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    Solar-terrestrial models and application software (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The empirical models related to solar-terrestrial sciences are listed and described which are available in the form of computer programs. Also included are programs that use one or more of these models for application specific purposes. The entries are grouped according to the region of their solar-terrestrial environment to which they belong and according to the parameter which they describe. Regions considered include the ionosphere, atmosphere, magnetosphere, planets, interplanetary space, and heliosphere. Also provided is the information on the accessibility for solar-terrestrial models to specify the magnetic and solar activity conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 40; 4, Ap; 541-579
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  • 3
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    Electron density in the equatorial topside (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ionospheric electron content studies have revealed severe discrepancies between Faraday measurements and model predictions at low latitudes. In this investigation, satellite data of AE-C and Aeros and incoherent scatter data from Jicamarca, Peru and Arecibo, Puerto Rico are used to examine the latitudinal and diurnal extent of this disagreement. It is found that in the modified dip range -30 deg to +30 deg the present IRI relative layer shape underestimates the thickness of the topside electron density during both, day and night. The Bent model which was used as a source for the IRI description performs somewhat better in this critical dip range, though it does not reach the observed values. Also it does not show the observed diurnal variation. A correction to the IRI formula is proposed that guarantees better agreement with the satellite and incoherent scatter data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 10, 1; 15-19
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  • 4
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    Implementation of the new electron temperature model in IRI (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Since the first edition of IRI in 1978, considerable efforts have been directed towards an improved and refined electron temperature description. Finally, a new empirical model was presented at the COSPAR meeting at Graz, Austria, in 1984 (Bilitza et al.). Based mainly on satellite data it highlights a more detailed diurnal, seasonal, and altitudinal variation. The implementation of this model into the IRI framework is described. A first comparison with incoherent scatter measurements indicates the improved diurnal and seasonal performance of the model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 10, 1
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  • 5
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    Comparison of measured and predicted F2 peak altitude (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Different models for the F2 peak altitude hmF2 are compared with mean values determined from incoherent scatter measurements of the radar stations Jicamarca, Peru and Arecibo, Puerto Rico at all local times. The investigation shows that the daytime hmF2 is fairly well represented by the most recent models, whereas at nighttime, higher peak altitudes are measured rather than predicted by either model. The observed diurnal structure is slightly misinterpreted by the models above Jicamarca and is strongly disagreeing above Arecibo.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 10, 1
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  • 6
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    Progress in modeling the ionospheric peak and topside electron density (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent progress made in modeling the electron density profile in the topside ionosphere is reviewed. The results of different F2 peak models are addressed in the light of the data, and the outlook for further progress in this area is discussed. Efforts made toward determining the topside profile shape are reviewed and assessed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 6, 19
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  • 7
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    Electron density profile description in the international reference ionosphere (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Problems encountered during efforts to reformulate the IRI description of the electron density profile are examined. Consideration is given to Booker's (1979) proposal that the unique, analytic profile functions should cover the entire ionospheric height range. The IRI topside model is reviewed and the electron density profile of the middle and lower ionosphere are discussed. Rawer's (1983) procedure for combining the topside, middle, and lower ionospheric profiles into one analytic profile is reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (ISSN 0021-9169); 51; 781-790
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  • 8
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    International Reference Ionosphere: Plasma densities - Status 1988 (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An account is given of the changes proposed in 1988 for the International Reference Ionosphere electron density profile, as well as the status of their implementation. The fully analytical profile function under development for the entire ionosphere can be achieved with a linear combination of several LAY functions. Although four LAY functions are required to describe the density features of the middle ionosphere, three LAY functions suffice to reproduce electron densities in both the topside ionosphere and lower ionosphere. Attention is given to the way in which the LAY parameters are computationally derivable from characteristic profile points.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 10; 8, 19
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  • 9
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    Solar activity variation of ionospheric plasma temperatures (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present status of understanding and modeling of the variation of electron and ion temperatures with solar activity is reviewed. All atmospheric and ionospheric densities and temperatures are positively correlated with solar activity except the electron temperature, which exhibits a rather complex variation pattern during a solar cycle. The ion temperature at low altitudes closely follows the variation patterns of the neutral temperature. The electron temperature at high altitudes increases with increasing solar activity; the increase is larger during day than during night and exhibits a latitudinal variation. At low altitudes during daytime, tha amplitude of the seasonal variation of the electron temperature increases toward the solar maximum. At 400 km during daytime, the summer electron temperatures for Millstone Hill increase slightly toward higher solar activities, whereas the winter temperatures decrease distinctly. For Arecibo, an opposite trend is noticeable.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 10; 8, 19
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  • 10
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    Evaluation of the international reference ionosphere with the large AE-C and DE2 data bases (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Empirical models such as the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) are synthesized from large data bases. They can be viewed as analytical tools to facilitate accessing information stored in the data banks. However, in establishing the models, one has to apply smoothing and averaging procedures that in effect reduce the original information content. This study evaluates the agreement between the data base and the model at two opposite extremes of time resolution. Electron densities and temperatures in the altitude range of 300 to 400 km predicted by the IRI and measured by the AE-C and DE 2 satellites on the level of individual orbits as well as on the level of mission averages are compared. Whereas the averages show excellent agreement, the comparison for individual measurements indicates the limitations of empirical models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 8; 4, 19
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