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  • GEOPHYSICS  (4)
  • SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION  (3)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A sounding rocket experiment was performed in June 1976, in which the solar constant was observed simultaneously outside the earth's atmosphere by three types of absolute cavity radiometers (the Primary Absolute Cavity Radiometer and two Active Cavity Radiometers, Type IV) and duplicates of Nimbus 6 ERB/ESP (Earth Radiation Budget/Eclectic Satellite Pyrheliometer) solar channels. The preliminary average solar constant result from the cavity radiometers is 1367 W/sq m with an uncertainty of less than plus or minus 0.5% in SI units. The duplicate ERB channel 3 on the rocket gave a value of 1389 W/sq m, which agreed exactly with the Nimbus 6 ERB channel 3 measurement made simultaneously with the rocket flight.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Oct. 197
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  • 2
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent measurements from high altitude observing platforms have produced evidence that the values regarding the energy from the sun and its spectral distribution need significant revisions. In all ground-based measurements, the dust, haze, and smoke of the atmosphere, the permanent gases and, above all, the highly variable and absorbent water vapor are a source of uncertainty. With the advent of the space age the need for a more reliable set of values of the solar constant and the solar spectrum began to be realized. Measurements for the derivation of the solar constant were conducted with aircraft, balloons, and spacecraft. Values for solar spectral irradiance were also obtained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Optical Spectra; 6; Mar. 197
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Total solar irradiance was observed simultaneously outside the earth's atmosphere by three types of absolute cavity radiometers and duplicates of four of the Nimbus 6 Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) solar channels in a June 1976 sounding rocket experiment. The preliminary average solar constant result from the cavity radiometers is 1367 Wm (-2) with an uncertainty of less than + or - 0.5% in S.I. units. The duplicate ERB channel 3 on the rocket gave a value of 1389 Wm (-2) which agreed exactly with the Nimbus 6 ERB channel 3 measurement made simultaneously with the rocket flight.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71305 , X-942-77-66
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  • 4
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Instrumentation for solar irradiance monitoring, and radiation scales are discussed in a survey of incident solar energy data. The absolute accuracy and intrinsic reliability of the values of the solar constant and zero air mass solar spectrum proposed by the Institute of Environmental Sciences as an ASTM standard are evaluated. Extraterrestrial observations are used for deriving solar irradiance data at ground level for widely varying atmospheric parameters, with special reference to air pollution. The effects of diffuse sky radiance and those of varying slopes of the solar energy collecting surface are examined. Average values of solar energy available at different locations in the United States are included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization; Apr 30, 1974; Washington, DC
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Engineering standard for solar constant and zero air mass solar spectral irradiance from high altitude measurements
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE OF THE 70''S, INST. OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, ANNUAL TECHNICAL MEETING AND EQUIPMENT EXPOSITION, 16TH; Apr 12, 1970 - Apr 16, 1970; BOSTON, MA
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Detailed knowledge of the irradiance of the sun at ground locations is essential for the design and evaluation of solar energy conversion systems. The primary source of such data is the global network of weather stations. Such stations are often too far apart and for most locations the data available are only daily total irradiance or monthly averages. Solar energy conversion programs require insolation data with considerably higher geographical and temporal resolution. Meteorological satellites gather routinely extensive data on the energy reflected and scattered into space by the earth-atmosphere system. A program has been initiated to use such data for deriving ground insolation for energy conversion. Some of the preliminary results of this program will be discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Joint Conference on Sharing the sun: Solar technology in the seventies; Aug 15, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Winnipeg; Canada
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements made at high altitudes from aircraft have resulted in the establishment of standard values of the solar constant and extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance. These standard values and other solar spectral curves are described. The problem of possible variations of the solar constant and solar spectrum and their influence on the earth-atmosphere system and weather related phenomena is examined. It is shown that the solar energy input parameters should be determined with considerably greater accuracy and precision than has been possible. An instrument package designed as a compact, low weight solar energy monitor in space (SEMIS) is described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70623 , X-912-74-78 , Symp. on Solar Radiation Meas. and Instrumentation; Nov 13, 1973 - Nov 15, 1973; Rockville, MD; United States
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