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  • GEOPHYSICS  (11)
  • 1970-1974  (11)
  • 1
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    Microwave emission of Arctic Sea ice (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The feasibility of carrying microwave radiometers on Nimbus E and F missions for sea ice surveys was studied in the arctic using aircraft. It was found that passive microwave signatures of Arctic Sea ice relate specifically to the structure and type of ice. It is concluded that a new tool for conducting ice surveys from aircraft and satellites with remote sensors was discovered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 18-21
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Microwave signatures of first-year and multiyear sea ice. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A combination of remote sensing from an aircraft and simultaneous surface measurements have confirmed the feasibility of identifying old and new sea ice according to its emission of thermal radiation at wavelengths between 0.3 and 3 cm. Emissivity of first-year thick ice with a surface temperature of about 260 K is 0.95 or greater for wavelengths between 0.81 and 11 cm; the emissivity of multiyear ice is 0.8 at 0.81 cm and 0.95 at 11 cm, increasing monotonically in this wavelength interval. The ease with which multiyear ice can be distinguished from first-year ice using a passive microwave radiometer is demonstrated by comparing mosaics prepared both from photographs and images of 1.55-cm radiation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 20
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Remote sensing of soil moisture with microwave radiometers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave radiometry has been used for the remote sensing of soil moisture in a series of aircraft flights over an agricultural test area in the vicinity of Phoenix, Arizona. The radiometers covered the wavelength range 0.8-21 cm. Ground truth in the form of gravimetric measurements of the soil moisture in the top 15 cm were obtained for 200 fields at this site. The results indicate that it is possible to monitor moisture variations with airborne radiometers. The emission is a function of the radiometer wavelength and the distribution of the moisture in the soil. At a wavelength of 1.55 cm there is little or no variation in the emission for soil moisture values below 10 or 15% moisture content by weight. Above this value, there is a linear decrease in the emission with a slope of approximately 3 K for each percentage point increase in soil moisture.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 10
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Arctic ice measurements with microwave radiometers (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The application of microwave radiometers for measuring Arctic ice is discussed. The acquisition of Arctic ice data simultaneously on the surface with conventional instruments and remotely with microwave and infrared radiometers, photography, and a laser geodolite is described. A multifrequency view of a large multilayer ice floe is presented. The significance of the data recordings is explained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 13-18
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  • 5
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    Polar sea ice observations by means of microwave radiometry (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Principles pertinent to the utilization of 1.55 cm wavelength radiation emanating from the surface of the earth for studying the changing characteristics of polar sea ice are briefly reviewed. Recent data obtained at that wavelength with an imaging radiometer on-board the Nimbus 5 satellite are used to illustrate how the seasonal changes in extent of sea ice in both polar regions may be monitored free of atmospheric interference. Within a season, changes in the compactness of the sea ice are also observed from the satellite. Some substantial areas of the Arctic sea ice canopy identified as first-year ice in the past winter were observed not to melt this summer, a graphic illustration of the eventual formation of multiyear ice in the Arctic. Finally, the microwave emissivity of some of the multiyear ice areas near the North Pole was found to increase significantly in the summer, probably due to liquid water content in the firm layer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70529 , X-652-73-341 , Interdisciplinary Symp. on Advanced Concepts and Techniques in the Study of Snow and Ice Resources
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  • 6
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    Microwave signatures of snow and fresh water ice (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During March of 1971, the NASA Convair 990 Airborne Observatory carrying microwave radiometers in the wavelength range 0.8 to 21 cm was flown over dry snow with different substrata: Lake ice at Bear Lake in Utah; wet soil in the Yampa River Valley near Steamboat Springs, Colorado; and glacier ice, firm and wet snow on the South Cascade Glacier in Washington. The data presented indicate that the transparency of the snow cover is a function of wavelength. False-color images of microwave brightness temperatures obtained from a scanning radiometer operating at a wavelength of 1.55 cm demonstrate the capability of scanning radiometers for mapping snowfields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70515 , X-652-73-335 , Interdisciplinary Symp. on Advanced Concepts and Tech. in the Study of Snow and Ice Resources
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  • 7
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    Microwave maps of the polar ice of the earth (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Synoptic views of the entire polar regions of earth were obtained free of the usual persistent cloud cover using a scanning microwave radiometer operating at a wavelength of 1.55 cm on board the Nimbus-5 satellite. Three different views at each pole are presented utilizing data obtained at approximately one-month intervals during the winter of 1972-1973. The major discoveries resulting from an analysis of these data are as follows: (1) Large discrepancies exist between the climatic norm ice cover depicted in various atlases and the actual extent of the canopies. (2) The distribution of multiyear ice in the north polar region is markedly different from that predicted by existing ice dynamics models. (3) Irregularities in the edge of the Antarctic sea ice pack occur that have neither been observed previously nor anticipated. (4) The brightness temperatures of the Greenland and Antarctica glaciers show interesting contours probably related to the ice and snow morphologic structure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70493 , X-652-73-269
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  • 8
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    Dynamics and morphology of Beaufort Sea ice determined from satellites, aircraft, and drifting stations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A series of measurements from drifting stations, aircraft, the ERTS-1, Nimbus 4, and Nimbus 5 satellites have jointly provided a new description of the dynamics and morphology of the ice cover of the Beaufort Sea. The combined analysis of these data show that the eastern Beaufort Sea ice cover is made up of large multiyear floes while the western part is made of small, predominantly first-year floes. The analysis suggests that this distribution might be quasi-steady and that the dynamics and thermodynamics of the region are more complex than hitherto known. The measurements consist of: (1) high resolution ERTS-1 imagery which is used to describe floe size and shape distribution, short term floe dynamics, and lead and polynya dynamics; (2) tracking by Nimbus 4 of IRLS drifting buoys to provide ice drift information which enhances the interpretation of the ERTS-1 imagery; (3) Nimbus 5 microwave (1.55 cm wavelength) imagery which provides synoptic, sequential maps on the distribution of multiyear and first-year ice types; (4) airborne microwave surveys and surface based observations made during 1971 and 1972 in conjunction with the AIDJEX (Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment) program.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66291 , X-650-73-194
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  • 9
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    Microwave signatures of first-year and multiyear sea ice (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A combination of remote sensing from an aircraft and simultaneous surface measurements have confirmed the feasibility of identifying old and new sea ice according to its emission of thermal radiation at wavelengths between 0.3 and 3 cm. Emissivity of first-year thick ice with a surface temperature of about 260 K is 0.95 or greater for wavelengths between 0.81 and 11 cm; the emissivity of multiyear ice is 0.8 at 0.81 cm and 0.95 at 11 cm, increasing monotonically in this wave length interval. The ease with which multiyear ice can be distinguished from first-year ice using a passive microwave radiometer is demonstrated by comparing mosaics prepared both from photographs and images of 1.55 cm radiation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66006 , X-652-72-312
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  • 10
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    Results of the US contribution to the joint US/USSR Bering Sea experiment (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The atmospheric circulation which occurred during the Bering Sea Experiment, 15 February to 10 March 1973, in and around the experiment area is analyzed and related to the macroscale morphology and dynamics of the sea ice cover. The ice cover was very complex in structure, being made up of five ice types, and underwent strong dynamic activity. Synoptic analyses show that an optimum variety of weather situations occurred during the experiment: an initial strong anticyclonic period (6 days), followed by a period of strong cyclonic activity (6 days), followed by weak anticyclonic activity (3 days), and finally a period of weak cyclonic activity (4 days). The data of the mesoscale test areas observed on the four sea ice option flights, and ship weather, and drift data give a detailed description of mesoscale ice dynamics which correlates well with the macroscale view: anticyclonic activity advects the ice southward with strong ice divergence and a regular lead and polynya pattern; cyclonic activity advects the ice northward with ice convergence, or slight divergence, and a random lead and polynya pattern.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70648 , X-910-74-141
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