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  • 1
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    High-latitude E and F region ionospheric predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physical processes and morphology of the high latitude E and F layers are discussed. The existence and adequacy of models, and features to be included are examined, as well as reliability of ionospheric predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 513-527
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Polar motion and earth tides from laser tracking (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses techniques available for measuring polar motion, earth rotation and earth tides with laser tracking of satellites. In a discussion of future prospects, it is noted that when the Laser Geodynamics Satellite is launched, a network of laser stations is projected to be able to achieve better than 10 cm from each coordinate from less than one day of tracking.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 3
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    V.L.F. emission from ring-current electrons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Characteristics of VLF emissions detected by satellite in association with enhancements of ring-current electrons during magnetic storms and substorms are described along with the associated enhancements in electron intensities and the anisotropies of the ring-current electron distribution. It is shown that the emissions are observed only when the satellite is outside the plasmasphere, that the beginning of the emissions coincides with the satellite's encounter with the large electron fluxes in that region, and that the increase in electron intensities associated with the observed emissions is limited only to low-energy electrons. The frequency distributions of emissions with peak frequencies above and below half the electron gyrofrequency at the equator is analyzed. The bimodal frequency distribution of the equatorial whistler-mode emissions is explained in terms of different production regions for emissions at frequencies above and below half the equatorial electron gyrofrequency.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 263; Sept. 2
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Base line estimation using single passes of laser data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The laser data of the GEOS 3 satellite passes observed by four stations at Greenbelt (Maryland), Bermuda, Grand Turk Island (Bahamas) and Patrick Air Force Base (Florida), were employed to determine precise interstation base lines and relative heights in short orbital arcs of no more than 12-min duration. No more than five arcs of data are required to define the interstation base lines to 30-cm precision. Base lines running parallel to the orbital motion can be defined to submeter precision from a single short arc of data. Combining arcs of different orbital geometry in a common adjustment of two or more stations relative to the base station helps to compensate for weak base line definition in any single arc. This technique can be used for tracking such spacecraft as Lageos, a high-altitude retroreflector-carrying satellite designed for precise laser ranging studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; July 30
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Charge exchange lifetimes for ring current ions (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In view of the importance of charge exchange decay as a loss mechanism for magnetospheric ions, the paper summarizes the latest and best measurements of the physical quantities involved in the calculation of the charge exchange lifetime of the mirroring ions. The normalized atomic hydrogen distribution is presented as a function of radial distance on the basis of the Chamberlain model for a range of exobase temperatures and for various combinations of satellite particles. Cross section measurements for various ions in the energy range 1 keV to 200 keV are summarized in the form of normalized charge exchange lifetimes. The equatorial lifetimes can be determined for any of these ions at a specific energy and L-value.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 22; Aug. 197
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  • 6
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    Dynamic satellite geodesy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes operation of the GEOS-3 and Lageos spacecraft launched by NASA as part of the Earth and Ocean Dynamic Program. The investigations conducted by using GEOS-3 include the determination of tracking station coordinates, polar motion, and the use of altimetry in orbit determination. Lageos was designed as a precision target for making geodetic measurements with ground laser systems. Consideration is given to the progress made in the investigation and determination of tidal parameters by means of satellite perturbation methods. Satellite geodetic methods based on the ability to determine precise satellite orbits and orbit determination are outlined. Emphasis is placed on the future studies employing Spaceborne Laser and Global Positioning System concepts.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 7
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    Determination of the geocentric gravitational constant from laser ranging on near-earth satellites (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laser range observations taken on the near-earth satellites of Lageos (a = 1.92 e.r.), Starlette (a = 1.15 e.r.), BE-C (a = 1.18 e.r.), and Geos-3 (a = 1.13 e.r.) have been combined to determine an improved value of the geocentric gravitational constant (GM). The value of GM is 398600.61 cu km/sec per sec, based upon a speed of light, c, of 299792.5 km/sec. Using the IAG-adopted value of c equalling 299792.458 km/sec scales GM to 398600.44 cu km/sec per sec. The uncertainty in this value is assessed to be plus or minus 0.02 cu km/sec per sec. Determinations of GM from the data taken on these four satellites individually show variations of only .04 cu km/sec per sec from the combined result. The Lageos information dominated the combined solution, and gave the most consistent results in its data subset solutions. The value obtained for GM from near-earth laser ranging compares quite favorably with the most recent results of the lunar laser and interplanetary experiments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Dec. 197
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  • 8
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    Dependence of the charge exchange lifetimes on mirror latitude (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The dependence of the charge exchange lifetimes on the mirror latitude for ions mirroring off the geomagnetic equator has been re-computed using improved hydrogen distribution models. The Chamberlain model, with the input parameters determined by recent satellite observations, has been used to define the spatial distribution of the neutral hydrogen environment through which the ring current ions traverse. The resultant dependence of the charge exchange lifetime, tau, on mirror latitude, lambda-m, is best fit by the approximation tau-m = tau-e cos 3.5 lambda-m, where tau-e is the charge exchange lifetime for the equatorial particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Nov. 197
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  • 9
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    Contributions to the National Geodetic Satellite Program by Goddard Space Flight Center (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The major scientific contributions of Goddard Space Flight Center to the National Geodetic Satellite Program between 1965 and 1973 are presented and discussed. The primary results described are the determination of the earth's gravitational field from satellite tracking and surface gravimeter data to an accuracy of about 4 mGal for wavelengths of about 1000 km and larger; the construction of a detailed geoid suitable for geodetic, tectonic, and altimetry data analysis accurate to about 2 m over continents and to 2-5 m over the northeast Pacific and Atlantic oceans; and the positioning of globally distributed tracking stations to an accuracy of 5-10 m for the interconnecting of local geodetic datums. In addition, work on the observation of the earth and ocean tidal perturbations of satellites is discussed and reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Feb. 10
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  • 10
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    Explorer 45 /S3-A/ observations of the magnetosphere and magnetopause during the August 4-6, 1972, magnetic storm period (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Explorer 45 (S3-A) satellite performed extensive field and particle measurements in the heart of the magnetosphere during the double magnetic storm period of August 4-6, 1972. Both the ground level magnetic records and the magnetic field deformations measured along the orbit by the satellite indicated the existence of only a moderate ring current. This was confirmed by the measurements of the total proton energy density by the on-board particle detectors, which showed a maximum energy density less than the densities observed during the December 1971 and June 1972 magnetic storms. The plasmapause in the noon quadrant was eroded continuously from the onset of the first storm at the beginning of August 4 to an altitude below L = 2.07 at about 1800 hours on August 5. Throughout the entire orbit during which the second sudden commencement occurred, a large amount of low-frequency electric and magnetic field noise was encountered. The most remarkable observation during this orbit was the contraction of the magnetopause to distances inside the satellite location at L = 5.2.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Nov. 1
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