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  • Frankia  (7)
  • Springer  (7)
  • Wiley-Blackwell
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of oxygen and chloramphenicol on Frankia nitrogenase activity (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 144 (1986), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Frankia ; Nitrogenase ; Enzyme kinetics ; Decay rate ; Synthesis rate ; Oxygen inactivation ; Chloramphenicol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of asymbiotic nitrogenase activity in three strains of the actinomycete Frankia were studied. Decay rates for enzyme activity were determined by adding chloramphenicol to active acetylene-reducing cells and measuring the time required for all activity to cease. Synthesis rates were measured by bubbling oxygen through actively-reducing cells (which totally destroyed all activity) and then measuring the time required for activity to return to normal. Decay rates (t 1/2) for these three strains were approximately 30 to 40 min. Synthesis rates were slower and initial nitrogenase activities were recorded about 110 min (DDB 011610) or 210 min (DDB 020210 and WgCc1.17) after return to air-equilibrated cultures. Frankia strain WgCc1.17 showed a greater sensitivity to oxygen and nitrogenase activity was totally lost when cells were bubbled only with atmospheric concentrations of oxygen. The results presented here indicate that nitrogenase activity turnover time is relatively rapid, on the order of minutes rather than hours or days. However, regulation of nitrogenase activity will differ from one strain to another and asmmbiotic characterization will be useful for understanding nitrogenase regulation in the bacterial-plant symbiosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410953
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods for the quantification ofFrankia cell biomass (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; Frankia ; methods ; packed cell volume ; protein ; quantification ; turbidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six methods for the estimation of microbial biomass were compared for determination ofFrankia cell concentrations. Six strains ofFrankia were cultivated in stationary culture, harvested by centrifugation, washed with saline buffer and diluted to five standardized concentrations. These cell suspensions were then used to assess reliability of each of the biomass determination methods. The destructive total protein determination methods were the most sensitive and reliable. Two non-destructive methods, packed cell volume and turbidity measurement, were also accurate, and because of their simplicity hold advantage for routine growth measurements and inoculum dilutions. Dry weight determinations were inconsistent for the small cell masses used in this study. An ELISA procedure demonstrated reliability but little sensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232807
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actinorhizal host-specificity of Chinese Frankia strains (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal plants ; cross-inoculation ; Frankia ; host specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cross-inoculation studies of numerous Frankia strains of Asian origin, primarily Chinese, were undertaken to determine whether previously described host specificity groups (HSG) were valid. Each strain was inoculated onto seedlings of Alnus glutinosa, Casuarina cunninghamiana, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Myrica cerifera in solution culture, and the presence of nodules scored after eight weeks. All strains tested fell into three of the four HSG descriptions of Baker (1987). Our results indicate that among pure cultured Frankia strains derived from Asia there exists less diversity than those of North America and Europe, in regard to host specificity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018851
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A modified sucrose fractionation procedure for the isolation of frankiae from actinorhizal root nodules and soil samples (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizal plants ; Bacterial isolation techniques ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Soil ; Sucrose density fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The isolation and pure culture of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing frankiae has always been difficult. In the past the isolation of these actinomycetes directly from soil samples has proven impossible and isolations from root nodules of many genera has been only poorly successful. We report here a modified sucrose fractionation procedure which increased the success of isolations from root nodules and which permitted the isolation ofFrankia directly from soil samples. Crushed nodule suspensions or soil suspensions were incubated briefly in 0.7% phenol (carbolic acid) just before application to a sucrose density gradient. This phenol incubation decreased the number of contaminating eubacteria and fungi but more importantly increased the number ofFrankia developing on the isolation plates. If the phenol incubation was used solely without sucrose fractionation noFrankia were isolated, suggesting the death of the organisms due to phenol toxicity. The use of selective nitrogen-deficient media proved important for the isolation of frankiae from soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277837
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-retentive polymers increase nodulation of actinorhizal plants inoculated with Frankia (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 105-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhiza ; Alnus ; Casuarina ; Frankia ; Nodulation ; Water-retentive polymers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Actinorhizal plants form a nodular, nitrogen-fixing root symbiosis with the actinomycete Frankia and are economically and ecologically important due to their ability to improve the nitrogen fertility of disturbed and infertile substrates. In this study, water-retentive polymer inoculum carriers were applied as a root dip. This treatment significantly increased nodulation and in some cases early growth of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. and Casuarina equisetifolia var. equisetifolia Forst. & Forst. in a controlled environment and also of A. glutinosa under field conditions. Nodule number and nodule dry weight per plant were at least two to three times greater after 56 to 140 days for plants inoculated with Frankia carried in a water-retentive polymer base compared with plants inoculated with Frankia in water. Nodules on the roots of the plants that were inoculated with Frankia in a polymer slurry were distributed throughout the entire root system, rather than concentrated near the root collar. When amended with water-retentive polymers, actinorhizal plants inoculated with 5- to 10-fold lower titers of Frankia exhibited early growth and nodule numbers equal to or greater than those plants inoculated with standard titers without polymers. The water-retentive, superabsorbent polymers clearly increased the nodulation of two actinorhizal plant species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004634804354
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The initiation, development and structure of root nodules inElaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 128 (1985), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actinorhizal root nodules ; Development ; N2 fixation ; Elaeagnus ; Frankia ; Symbiosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A correlated light and electron microscopic study was undertaken of the initiation and development of root nodules of the actinorhizal tree species,Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae). Two pure culturedFrankia strains were used for inoculation of plants in either standing water culture or axenic tube cultures. Unlike the well known root hair infection of other actinorhizal genera such asAlnus orMyrica the mode of infection ofElaeagnus in all cases was by direct intercellular penetration of the epidermis and apoplastic colonization of the root cortex. Root hairs were not involved in this process and were not observed to be deformed or curled in the presence of the actinomyceteFrankia. In response to the invasion of the root, host cells secreted a darkly staining material into the intercellular spaces. The colonizingFrankia grew through this material probably by enzymatic digestion as suggested by clear dissolution zones around the hyphal strands. A nodule primordium was initiated from the root pericycle, well in advance of the colonizingFrankia. No random division of root cortical cells, indicative of prenodule formation was observed inElaeagnus. As the nodule primordium grew in size it was surrounded by tanninised cells of a protoperiderm. The endophyte easily traversed this protoperiderm, and once inside the nodule primordium cortex ramified within the intercellular spaces at multiple cell junctions. Invasion of the nodule cortical cells occurred when a hyphal branch of the endophyte was initiated and grew through the plant cell wall, again by apparent enzymatic digestion. The plant cell plasmalemma of invaded cells always remained intact and numerous secretory vesicles fused with it to encapsulate the advancingFrankia within a fibrous cell wall-like material. Once within the host cell some endophyte cells began to differentiate into characteristic vesicles which are the presumed site of nitrogen fixation. This study clearly demonstrates that alternative developmental pathways exist for the development of actinorhizal nitrogen-fixing root symbioses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276333
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nodulation of actinorhizal plants byFrankia strains capable of both root hair infection and intercellular penetration (1986)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 131 (1986), S. 82-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Elaeagnus ; Frankia ; Infection processes ; Myrica ; Nodule development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A morphological analysis of the initiation and development of root nodules ofElaeagnus angustifolia andMyrica cerifera inoculated with pure-culturedFrankia strains DDB 011610 or DDB 020110 was undertaken. From ultrastructural observations it was determined that both of theseFrankia strains can infectElaeagnus by an intercellular penetration mechanism andMyrica by the root hair infection mechanism. This indicates that both of these strains have the ability to infect host plant roots by either of two mechanisms. The reverse, thatElaeagnus orMyrica could be infected by both mechanisms, was not observed. The infection and nodule development processes of these two plants in combination with these strains were similar to observations made in previous studies (Miller andBaker 1985,Torrey andCallaham 1979). However, one exception was identified in the development of the prenodule ofMyrica when infected with strain 011610, in that endophytic hyphae developed vesicles within the cells of the prenodule. This event has not been described before for any of the actinorhizal genera and may be an indication of less than optimal compatibility between the host plant and the symbiont.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01281689
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