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The Role of Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Carbon in the Subpolar North Atlantic - a Modeling Study (2014)

Omar, A. M. ; Olafsson, J. ; Gudmundsson, K. ; [weitere]

In: CASI

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13

Beschreibung: We developed an ecosystem/biogeochemical model system, which includes multiple phytoplankton functional groups and carbon cycle dynamics, and applied it to investigate physical-biological interactions in Icelandic waters. Satellite and in situ data were used to evaluate the model. Surface seasonal cycle amplitudes and biases of key parameters (DIC, TA, pCO2, air-sea CO2 flux, and nutrients) are significantly improved when compared to surface observations by prescribing deep water values and trends, based on available data. The seasonality of the coccolithophore and "other phytoplankton" (diatoms and dinoflagellates) blooms is in general agreement with satellite ocean color products. Nutrient supply, biomass and calcite concentrations are modulated by light and mixed layer depth seasonal cycles. Diatoms are the most abundant phytoplankton, with a large bloom in early spring and a secondary bloom in fall. The diatom bloom is followed by blooms of dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. The effect of biological changes on the seasonal variability of the surface ocean pCO2 is nearly twice the temperature effect, in agreement with previous studies. The inclusion of multiple phytoplankton functional groups in the model played a major role in the accurate representation of CO2 uptake by biology. For instance, at the peak of the bloom, the exclusion of coccolithophores causes an increase in alkalinity of up to 4 mol kg(sup 1) with a corresponding increase in DIC of up to 16 mol kg(sup 1). During the peak of the bloom in summer, the net effect of the absence of the coccolithophores bloom is an increase in pCO2 of more than 20 atm and a reduction of atmospheric CO2 uptake of more than 6 mmolm(sup 2) d(sup 1). On average, the impact of coccolithophores is an increase of air-sea CO2 flux of about 27 %. Considering the areal extent of the bloom from satellite images within the Irminger and Icelandic Basins, this reduction translates into an annual mean of nearly 1500 tonnes C yr(sup 1).

Schlagwort(e): Oceanography; Geosciences (General)

Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN9172 , Geoscientific Model Development; 5; 683-707

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Determinants of Income Diversification among Fishing Communities in western Kenya. (2015)

Olale, E. ; Henson, S. ; Cranfield, J.

Canadian Agricultural Economics Society

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19

Beschreibung: Fishing communities in developing countries are among the poorest communities. However, past studies have generally failed to investigate ways of reducing poverty among these communities. In order to address this research gap, this study proposes and investigates income diversification as a potential way of out poverty. In particular, the study analyzes the determinants of income diversification decisions among the fishing communities, with a focus on those living on the Kenyan shores of Lake Victoria. The results show that education level, access to credit and membership in associations are the key factors that explain income diversification behaviour among fish workers.

Beschreibung: Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2010 AAEA, CAES, & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, July 25-27, 2010. Canadian Agricultural Economics Society Annual Meeting 2010, Paper Nr. 61259

Beschreibung: Published

Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Fish worker ; Income diversification

Repository-Name: AquaDocs

Materialart: Conference Material , Not Known

Format: 31pp.

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Kenyan Exports of Nile Perch: impact of food safety standards on an export-oriented supply chain. (2006)

Mitullah, W. ; Henson, S.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19

Beschreibung: Over the past decade, exports of fish and fishery products from developing countries have increased rapidly. However, one of the major challenges facing developing countries in seeking to maintain and expand their share of global markets is stricter food safety requirements in industrial countries. Kenyan exports of Nile perch to the European Union provide a notable example of efforts to comply with such requirements, overlaid with the necessity to overcome restrictions on trade relating to immediate food safety concerns. Although food safety requirements were evolving in their major markets, most notably the EU, most Kenyan exporters had made little attempt to upgrade their hygiene standards. Likewise, the legislative framework of food safety controls and facilities at landing sites remained largely unchanged. Both exporters and the Kenyan government were forced to take action when a series of restrictions were applied to exports by the EU over the period 1997 to 2000. Processors responded by upgrading their hygiene controls, although a number of facilities closed, reflecting significant costs of compliance within the context of excess capacity in the sector. Remaining facilities upgraded their hygiene controls and made efforts to diversify their export base away from the EU. Legislation and control mechanisms were also enhanced. Hygiene facilities at landing beaches were improved, but remain the major area of weakness. The Kenyan case illustrates the significant impact that stricter food safety requirements can have on export-oriented supply chains. It also demonstrates how such requirements can exacerbate existing pressures for restructuring and reform, while prevailing supply and capacity issues constrain the manner in which the supply chain is able to respond. In Kenya most of the concerted effort to comply with these requirements was stimulated by the sudden loss of market access in very much a “crisis management” mode of operation, illustrating the importance of responding to emerging food safety requirements in a proactive and effective manner. This paper - a product of the International Trade Department, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the challenges and opportunities facing developing countries associated with evolving international standards for food and other products.

Beschreibung: Published

Schlagwort(e): Development economics ; Private sector ; Public Policy Fishing Industry ; Environmental economics & policies ; Fisheries ; Agricultural Knowledge & Information Systems ; Agribusiness & Markets ; Coastal and marine resources ; Fishery management ; Fishery products ; Fishery resources ; Food availability ; Aquaculture development ; Aquaculture economics ; Fishery economics ; Fishery management ; Fishery products ; Food availability

Repository-Name: AquaDocs

Materialart: Working Paper , Non-Refereed

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Format: application/pdf

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