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  • Entanglement  (4)
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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Criteria and case definitions for serious injury and death of pinnipeds and cetaceans caused by anthropogenic trauma (2013)
    Inter-Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 103 (2013): 229-264, doi:10.3354/dao02566.
    Description: Post-mortem examination of dead and live stranded beach-cast pinnipeds and cetaceans for determination of a cause of death provides valuable information for the management, mitigation and prosecution of unintentional and sometimes malicious human impacts, such as vessel collision, fishing gear entanglement and gunshot. Delayed discovery, inaccessibility, logistics, human safety concerns, and weather make these events challenging. Over the past 3 decades, in response to public concern and federal and state or provincial regulations mandating such investigations to inform mitigation efforts, there has been an increasing effort to objectively and systematically investigate these strandings from a diagnostic and forensic perspective. This Theme Section provides basic investigative methods, and case definitions for each of the more commonly recognized case presentations of human interactions in pinnipeds and cetaceans. Wild animals are often adversely affected by factors such as parasitism, anthropogenic contaminants, biotoxins, subclinical microbial infections and competing habitat uses, such as prey depletion and elevated background and episodic noise. Understanding the potential contribution of these subclinical factors in predisposing or contributing to a particular case of trauma of human origin is hampered, especially where putrefaction is significant and resources as well as expertise are limited. These case criteria descriptions attempt to acknowledge those confounding factors to enable an appreciation of the significance of the observed human-derived trauma in that broader context where possible.
    Description: Funded by NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA09OAR4320129.
    Keywords: Seal ; Dolphin ; Whale ; Marine mammal ; Entrapment ; Entanglement ; Vessel strike ; Gunshot
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Lethal entanglement in baleen whales (2011)
    Inter-Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 96 (2011): 175-185, doi:10.3354/dao02385.
    Description: Understanding the scenarios whereby fishing gear entanglement of large whales induces mortality is important for the development of mitigation strategies. Here we present a series of 21 cases involving 4 species of baleen whales in the NW Atlantic, describing the available sighting history, necropsy observations, and subsequent data analyses that enabled the compilation of the manners in which entanglement can be lethal. The single acute cause of entanglement mortality identified was drowning from entanglement involving multiple body parts, with the animal’s inability to surface. More protracted causes of death included impaired foraging during entanglement, resulting in starvation after many months; systemic infection arising from open, unresolved entanglement wounds; and hemorrhage or debilitation due to severe gear-related damage to tissues. Serious gear-induced injury can include laceration of large vessels, occlusion of the nares, embedding of line in growing bone, and massive periosteal proliferation of new bone in an attempt to wall off constricting, encircling lines. These data show that baleen whale entanglement is not only a major issue for the conservation of some baleen whale populations, but is also a major concern for the welfare of each affected individual.
    Description: This case report analysis was supported in part by NOAA Cooperative Agreement No. NA09OAR4320129. Stranding response was supported by multiple NOAA Prescott awards to UNC Wilmington, Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center, the Cape Cod Stranding Network and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI).
    Keywords: Baleen whales ; Entanglement ; Mortality ; Cetacean ; Strandings ; Fishing gear ; Necropsy ; Northwestern Atlantic
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Assessment of management to mitigate anthropogenic effects on large whales (2012)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Society for Conservation Biology, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Conservation Biology 27 (2013): 121-133, doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01934.x.
    Description: United States and Canadian governments have responded to legal requirements to reduce human-induced whale mortality via vessel strikes and entanglement in fishing gear by implementing a suite of regulatory actions. We analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of mortality of large whales in the Northwest Atlantic (23.5°N to 48.0°N), 1970 through 2009, in the context of management changes. We used a multinomial logistic model fitted by maximum likelihood to detect trends in cause-specific mortalities with time. We compared the number of human-caused mortalities with U.S. federally established levels of potential biological removal (i.e., species-specific sustainable human-caused mortality). From 1970 through 2009, 1762 mortalities (all known) and serious injuries (likely fatal) involved 8 species of large whales. We determined cause of death for 43% of all mortalities; of those, 67% (502) resulted from human interactions. Entanglement in fishing gear was the primary cause of death across all species (n= 323), followed by natural causes (n= 248) and vessel strikes (n= 171). Established sustainable levels of mortality were consistently exceeded in 2 species by up to 650%. Probabilities of entanglement and vessel-strike mortality increased significantly from 1990 through 2009. There was no significant change in the local intensity of all or vessel-strike mortalities before and after 2003, the year after which numerous mitigation efforts were enacted. So far, regulatory efforts have not reduced the lethal effects of human activities to large whales on a population-range basis, although we do not exclude the possibility of success of targeted measures for specific local habitats that were not within the resolution of our analyses. It is unclear how shortfalls in management design or compliance relate to our findings. Analyses such as the one we conducted are crucial in critically evaluating wildlife-management decisions. The results of these analyses can provide managers with direction for modifying regulated measures and can be applied globally to mortality-driven conservation issues.
    Description: We thank S. and H. Simmons for funding for this project.
    Keywords: Entanglement ; Evaluation of management/mitigation efforts ; Human-interaction ; Large whales ; Mortality ; Necropsy ; Vessel-strike ; Ballenas mayores
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Don’t assume it’s ghost gear : accurate gear characterization is critical for entanglement mitigation [poster] (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Presented at the Society for Marine Mammology 22nd Biennial Marine Mammal Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, October 23-27, 2017
    Description: Entanglement is a significant conservation and welfare issue which is limiting the recovery of a number of marine species, including marine mammals. It is therefore important to reliably identify the causes of these events, including the nature of the entangling gear in order to reduce or prevent them in the future. A recently published review of marine debris assessed 76 publications and attributed a total of 1805 cases of cetacean entanglements in “ghost gear”, of which 78% (n=1413) were extracted from 13 peer reviewed publications. We examined the 13 publications cited in the review and found that the specific gear type or status of gear involved in the reported events was rarely mentioned beyond the fact that it was fishing related. This is likely due to the fact that determinations of debris as the entangling material are very difficult. In fact, in reviewing 10 years of large whale entanglement records for the U.S., the authors of another study reported that Hawaii was the only region in which any entangling gear was positively identified as ghost gear. The assumption that entangling gear is marine debris unless otherwise stated is dangerous because it could impact efforts to modify or restrict risk-prone fishing in key marine mammal habitats. Entanglement in actively fished gear poses a very real threat, and claims that only lost or abandoned fishing gear is responsible for entanglements can undermine conservation efforts.
    Description: 2017-10-25
    Keywords: Entanglement ; Marine mammals ; Entangling gear
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Presentation
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