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Laser nitriding of iron: Nitrogen profiles and phases (1995)

Ilgner, C. ; Schaaf, P. ; Lieb, K.P. ; [et al.]

Springer

Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 1-5

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ISSN: 1432-0630

Keywords: PACS61.80.Ba; 52.75. $-$d; 81.60.Bn; 76.80

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics

Notes: Abstract Armco iron samples were surface nitrided by irradiating them with pulses of an excimer laser in a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting nitrogen depth profiles measured by Resonant Nuclear Reaction Analysis (RNRA) and the phase formation determined by Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy (CEMS) were investigated as functions of energy density and the number of pulses. The nitrogen content of the samples was found to be independent of the number of pulses in a layer of 50 nm from the surface and to increase in depths exceeding 150 nm. The phase composition did not change with the number of pulses. The nitrogen content can be related to an enhanced nitrogen solubility based on high temperatures and high pressures due to the laser-induced plasma above the sample. With increasing pulse energy density, the phase composition changes towards phases with higher nitrogen contents. Nitrogen diffusion seems to be the limiting factor for the nitriding process.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538202

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Fatigue life estimation of graphite/epoxy laminates under consideration of delamination growth (1989)

Bergmann, H. W. ; Prinz, R.

Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 323-341

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ISSN: 0029-5981

Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Mathematics , Technology

Notes: A closed form approach to the assessment of the fatigue life of graphite/epoxy laminates under cyclic tension-compression loading has been developed. The model is mechanistic and uses cyclic energy release rates for prediction of delamination growth and of critical delamination sizes which induce buckling and the final failure of the laminates. Tests performed with graphite/epoxy specimens of stacking order [0n, φm]s with severed central plies [φ], and of stacking order [02, +45, 02, -45, 0, 90]s with a central unloaded hole, indicate good correlation between estimated values and observed delamination growth, critical buckling strength of separated plies and load cycles to failure.

Additional Material: 16 Ill.