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  • 1
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    OCS, stratospheric aerosols and climate (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The carbonyl sulfide budget in the atmosphere is examined, and the effects of stratospheric sulfate aerosol particles, formed in part from atmospheric carbonyl sulfate, on global climate are considered. From tropospheric measurements of carbon disulfide and the rate constant for the conversion of carbon disulfide to carbonyl sulfide, it is estimated that five Tg of carbonyl sulfide/year could be generated from carbon disulfide in the atmosphere. Direct sources of OCS include the refining and combustion of fossil fuels (1 Tg/year), natural and agricultural fires (0.2 to 0.3 Tg/year), and soils (0.5 Tg/year), yielding a total influx of from 1 to 10 Tg/year, up to 50% of which may be anthropogenic. Considerations of carbonyl sulfide sinks and concentrations indicate an atmospheric lifetime of one year, with OCS the major atmospheric sulfur compound. It is estimated that a ten-fold increase in atmospheric carbonyl sulfide would cause an optical depth perturbation comparable to that of a modest volcanic eruption, leading to an average global surface temperature decrease of 0.1 K, in addition to a possible greenhouse effect.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Nature; 283; Jan. 17
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Estimates of the climatic impact of aerosols produced by Space Shuttles, SST's, and other high flying aircraft (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Solar and terrestrial radiative transfer calculations are performed to evaluate the effect of additional aerosols (sulfuric acid, aluminum oxide) produced by aircraft and Space Shuttles flying through the stratosphere on the global heat balance. The results are presented by plotting the dependence of various quantities of interest as a function of the change in the optical depth of the stratosphere at a reference wavelength of 0.55 micron. Perturbation optical depths that will result from the amount of emission expected from supersonic transports (SSTs) and Space Shuttles over the next several decades are determined. The magnitude and importance of the surface temperature change resulting from the added aerosols are assessed. The effect of added aerosols on ozone destruction is evaluated. It is shown that the aerosols produced by SSTs, other high flying aircraft, and Space Shuttles over the next several decades would not seriously alter the climate. However, the effect of SSTs is sufficiently close to the threshold limit, which requires reevaluation as new data are available.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Mar. 197
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Stratospheric aerosols and climatic change (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Stratospht1ic sulfuric acid particles scatter and absorb sunlight and they scatter, absorb and emit terrestrial thermal radiation. These interactions play a role in the earth's radiation balance and therefore affect climate. The stratospheric aerosols are perturbed by volcanic injection of SO2 and ash, by aircraft injection of SO2, by rocket exhaust of Al2O3 and by tropospheric mixing of particles and pollutant SO2 and COS. In order to assess the effects of these perturbations on climate, the effects of the aerosols on the radiation balance must be understood and in order to understand the radiation effects the properties of the aerosols must be known. The discussion covers the aerosols' effect on the radiation balance. It is shown that the aerosol size distribution controls whether the aerosols will tend to warm or cool the earth's surface. Calculations of aerosol properties, including size distribution, for various perturbation sources are carried out on the basis of an aerosol model. Calculations are also presented of the climatic impact of perturbed aerosols due to volcanic eruptions and Space Shuttle flights.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    A study of the effect of stratospheric aerosols produced by SST emissions on the albedo and climate of the earth (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Hypothesized fleets of supersonic aircraft, flying at stratospheric altitude, may lead to a significant increase in the aerosol population of the stratosphere. Exact multiple scattering calculations have been carried out to determine the response of the earth's albedo to an increase of the stratospheric aerosol optical depth. It is found that a tripling of the aerosol population in the stratosphere, which represents an extreme upper limit to the effects of SST's, results in a 0.6% increase of the earth's reflectivity and a decrease of the mean surface temperature on the order of 0.3 K. Such changes could be marginally significant.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: International Conference on Structure, Composition and General Circulation of the Upper and Lower Atmospheres and Possible Anthropogenic Perturbations; Jan 14, 1974 - Jan 25, 1974; Melbourne; Australia
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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