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  • ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION  (18)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (2)
  • 1
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    Biomass Burning Airborne and Spaceborne Experiment in the Amazonas (BASE-A) (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented on measurements of the trace gas and particulate matter emissions due to biomass burning during deforestation and grassland fires in South America, conducted as part of the Biomass Burning Airborne and Spaceborne Experiment in the Amazonas in September 1989. Field observations by an instrumented aircraft were used to estimate concentrations of O3, CO2, CO, CH4, and particulate matter. Fires were observed from satellite imagery, and the smoke optical thickness, particle size, and profiles of the extinction coefficient were measured from the aircraft and from the ground. Four smoke plumes were sampled, three vertical profiles were measured, and extensive ground measurements of smoke optical characteristics were carried out for different smoke types. The simultaneous measurements of the trace gases, smoke particles, and the distribution of fires were used to correlate biomass burning with the elevated levels of ozone.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D13,; 14
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  • 2
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    The variations of CO and O3 concentrations in a region subject to biomass burning (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) concentrations have been observed in the Brazilian Amazon region, at a site strongly affected by biomass burning (Cuiaba, 16 deg S, 58 deg W). Time variations are described for the first long-term program of studying the effect of biomass burning on O3 and CO over a complete seasonal cycle, including the seasonal maxima of 1987 and 1988. In order to obtain elements for comparison, an identical observational program was maintained at a site totally outside of the direct influence of biomass burning (Natal, 6 deg S, 35 deg W). The biomass burning contribution to the Cuiaba concentrations of CO and O3 is very large. Diurnal maxima concentrations exceeded 90 ppbv O3 in 1987 and 120 ppbv O3 in 1988, in September. For the wet season, the monthly average ozone concentration in March-April is about 10 ppbv. During the month of maxima, September, the O3 concentration average was 41 ppbv for 1987 and 71 ppbv for 1988. The CO concentrations are about 90 ppbv in the wet season. In September, 460 ppbv and 660 ppbv of CO were observed for 1987 and 1988, respectively. At Natal the seasonal variation is of the order of a factor of 2. During the wet season, the concentrations of CO and O3 at both stations are about the same.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 7521-753
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  • 3
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    Long term trend of selected halogenated hydrocarbons (1994)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The so-called 'Library of Background Air' at the Oregon Graduate Institute was used to determine the trend in volume mixing ratios of selected halogenated hydrocarbons in the time period 1977-1989. This library consists of background air samples most of them taken at Cape Meares (Oregon). For storage stainless steel containers are used. Tests have shown the gases under consideration to be stable in these containers. Analyses using a GC/MS-system were performed for the CFCs 11, 12, 12B1 (HALON 1211, CBrClF2), 22, 113, 114 and CH3Cl, CH3Br, CH3CCl3, CCl4. The advantage of this unique investigation: different aged air samples are analyzed at the same time with the same instrument. No calibrations or intercalibrations are needed. All data are presented in normalized mixing ratios versus time. We discuss the results, derive rate constants and present a formula to describe the nonlinear increases.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 1; p 259-262
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Interlaboratory comparison of fluorocarbons-11, -12, methylchloroform and nitrous oxide measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements conducted by 19 participating laboratories were considered in the reported interlaboratory comparison study. The results show that there is considerable disagreement among laboratories regarding the absolute concentrations of all four trace gases (CCl3F, CCl2F2, H3CCl3, N2O). The magnitude of this disagreement is discussed. Laboratories in Group II showed considerable disagreement among themselves. Their results were scattered within large intervals of concentration. Laboratories in Group I (using common standards) were in excellent (+ or - 5%) agreement among themselves. A systematic disagreement was noted between Groups I and II laboratories. Generally, the mean values of concentrations determined from the measurements of Group II laboratories were lower than the mean values reported by Group I laboratories.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 15; 9, 19; 1981
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  • 5
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    Interlaboratory calibration of atmospheric nitrous oxide measurements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Samples representative of Northern Hemispheric conditions in mid-1976 were analyzed by 11 laboratories to resolve the question of the absolute tropospheric concentration of nitrous oxide. The laboratories all employed electron capture-gas chromatography for the analysis. After exclusion of one anomalously low determination, the calibration results showed a mean concentration of 323.5 + or - 8.7 ppb v/v nitrous oxide.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; May 1978
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  • 6
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    An intercomparison of carbon monoxide measurement techniques (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results from an intercomparison of techniques to measure tropospheric levels of carbon monoxide (CO) are discussed. The intercomparison was conducted as part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) and was held at Wallops Island, VA, in July 1983. Instruments intercompared included a laser differential absorption method and three grab sample/gas chromatograph methods. The intercomparison consisted of simultaneous measurements of ambient levels of CO and controlled injections of CO from a common manifold. Results from the techniques exhibited a high degree of correlation among themselves and with changes in the CO mixing ratio. The results suggested a level of agreement among the techniques of about 15 percent. However, a day-to-day bias between the techniques was observed, which resulted in differences between techniques as large as 38 percent.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 12
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  • 7
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    The atmospheric lifetime of methylchloroform (CH3CCl3) (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The lifetime of atmospheric methylchloroform (CH3CCl3) is estimated to be about 6 (+ or - 1.5) years based on extensive measurements taken over the past seven years at remote locations of the world, ranging from inside the Arctic Circle to the South Pole. The average level of tropospheric hydroxyl radicals (OH) deduced from the lifetime of CH3CCl3 is about 8 x 10 to the 5th molecules/cu cm, but this value is uncertain by up to + or - 75 percent.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Tellus, Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology (ISSN 0280-6509); 36B; 317-332
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  • 8
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    Concentration distribution of methyl chloride in the atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Electron capture gas chromatography techniques were used to obtain measurements of methyl chloride concentrations in the atmosphere, at latitudes ranging from about 65 N to 90 S. Most of the measurements were made over the Pacific Ocean. Average global concentrations within the boundary layer were found to be 815 plus or minus 25 pptv in 1977 and 755 plus or minus 37 pptv in 1978. Lower concentrations were observed above the boundary layer with average values of 629 plus or minus 23 pptv and 618 plus or minus 23 pptv in 1977 and 1978, respectively. Within 20 deg of the equator, the boundary layer concentrations were significantly higher than those above the boundary layer. The sources, the sinks, the budgets, and the latitudinal distributions of methyl chloride are discussed in the paper.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 20
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  • 9
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    Differences in the concentrations of atmospheric trace gases in and above the tropical boundary layer (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Weekly air samples were collected at Cape Kumakahi (0 km) and at nearby Mauna Loa Observatory (3.4 km) which is above the boundary layer. EC/GC and GC/FID techniques were used to measure CH3I, CHCl3, CO and CH4 which are largely natural in origin, and C2Cl4, CCl4, CH3CCl3, (F-11), CCl2F2, (F-12), CHClF, (F-22) and C2F3Cl3 (F-113), which are due to anthropogenic (CCl3F) etc. activities. It was found that all these gases are significantly (alpha is equal to or less than 0.05) more abundant in the boundary layer than above it.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics; 119; 5, 19; 1981
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  • 10
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    Carbon monoxide in the earth's atmosphere - Increasing trend (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of an analysis of more than 60,000 atmospheric measurements of carbon monoxide taken over 3-1/2 years at Cape Meares, Oregon (45 deg N, 125 deg W), indicate that the background concentration of this gas is increasing. The rate of increase, although uncertain, is about 6 percent per year on average. Human activities are the likely cause of a substantial portion of this observed increase; however, because of the short atmospheric lifetime of carbon monoxide and the relatively few years of observations, fluctuations of sources and sinks related to the natural variability of climate may have affected the observed trend. Increased carbon monoxide may deplete tropospheric hydroxyl radicals, slowing down the removal of dozens of man-made and anthropogenic trace gases and thus indirectly affecting the earth's climate and possibly the stratospheric ozone layer.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 224; 54-56
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