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  • 1
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    Development of low cost contacts to silicon solar cells (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The results of the second phase of the program of developing low cost contacts to silicon solar cells using copper are presented. Phase 1 yielded the development of a plated Pd-Cr-Cu contact system. This process produced cells with shunting problems when they were heated to 400 C for 5 minutes. Means of stopping the identified copper diffusion which caused the shunting were investigated. A contact heat treatment study was conducted with Pd-Ag, Ci-Ag, Pd-Cu, Cu-Cr, and Ci-Ni-Cu. Nickel is shown to be an effective diffusion barrier to copper.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162905 , DOE/JPL-955244-80/4
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Development of Low Cost Contacts to Silicon Solar Cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Commercial electroless Cu solutions were used. Satisfactory adhesion (and fairly good cell performance) resulted from the use of thin layers of barrier metals such as Au, Cr or Pd. In these tests, photoresist masks were used to contact silicon P-type slices with diffused N+ and alloyed P+ surfaces; and electrolytic Cu solution was used to build up the contact thickness to provide good cell behavior. In addition some cells with evaporated Cr-Cu contacts were also made (along with evaporated Ti-Pd-Ag contacts as controls), with the intention of subjecting cells to gradually increasing heat-treatments, to determine whether Cu causes the cells to be inherently unstable.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-158352 , DOE/JPL-955244-79/1 , QR-1
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Silicon solar cell process. Development, fabrication and analysis (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Solar cells were fabricated from unconventional silicon sheets, and the performances were characterized with an emphasis on statistical evaluation. A number of solar cell fabrication processes were used and conversion efficiency was measured under AMO condition at 25 C. Silso solar cells using standard processing showed an average efficiency of about 9.6%. Solar cells with back surface field process showed about the same efficiency as the cells from standard process. Solar cells from grain boundary passivation process did not show any improvements in solar cell performance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-158035 , DOE/JPL-955089-78/10 , QR-1
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Evaluation and optimization of silicon sheet solar cells (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper describes the results and procedures to evaluate and improve the efficiency of solar cells made from various unconventional silicon sheets. The performance parameters included photovoltaic characteristics, spectral response, dark I-V characteristics, and diffusion length. The evaluation techniques used provided accurate and reliable information on sheet performance, and self-consistent results were obtained from the various measurement techniques used. Minority carrier diffusion length (L) was shown to be the ultimate limiting factor for the sheet cell performance (efficiency) and other back-up measurements confirmed this L-dependence. Limited efforts were made to identify defects which influence cell performance, and to use some improved process methods to increase cell efficiency.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Jan 07, 1980 - Jan 10, 1980; San Diego, CA
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Development of low cost contacts to silicon solar cells (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A copper based contact system using plated Pd-Cr-Cu was developed. Good cells were made but cells degraded under low temperature (300 C) heat treatments. The degradation was identified as copper migration into the cells junction region. A paper study was conducted to find a proper barrier to the copper migration problem. Nickel was identified as the best candidate barrier and this was verified in a heat treatment study using evaporated metal layers. An electroless nickel solution was substituted for the electroless chromium solution in the original process.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-163725 , DOE/JPL-955244-80/5 , JPL-9950-424
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  • 6
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    Silicon Solar Cell Process Development, Fabrication and Analysis (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The standard solar cells (2x2 cm) from the cast silicon heatexchanger method) showed a maximum AMO efficiency of 10.1%. Cells from low resistivity material (0.5 ohm-cm) showed lower performance than those of the high resistivity cast silicon (3 ohm-cm), an average efficiency 9.5% versus 7.6% Maximum AMO efficiency of the standard solar cells (2x2 cm) from the EFG (RH) ribbons was about 7.5%. The solar cells from controlled SiC, using the displaced die, showed more consistent and better performance than those of the uncontrolled SiC ribbons, an average efficiency of 6.6% versus 5.4% The average AMO efficiency of the standard silicon ceramic (soc) solar calls were about 6%. These were large area solar cells (an average area of 15 sq cm). A maximum efficiency of 7.3% was obtained. The SOC solar cells showed both leakage and series resistance problems, leading to an average curve fill factor of about 60%.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-158735 , DOE/JPL-955089-79/3 , QR-3
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  • 7
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    Silicon Solar Cell Process Development, Fabrication and Analysis (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The standard solar cells (2x2 cm) from the cast silicon (HEM) showed a maximum AMO efficiency of 10.1%. Cells from the low resistivity material (0.5 ohm-cm) showed lower performance than those of the high resistivity cast silicon (3 ohm-cm), an average efficiency 9.5% versus 7.6%. Maximum AMO efficiency of the standard solar cells from the EFG (RH) ribbons was about 7.5%. The solar cells from the controlled SiC, using the displaced die, showed more consistent and better performance than those of the uncontrolled SiC ribbons, an average efficiency of 6.6% versus 5.4%. The average AMO efficiency of the standard SOC solar cells were about 6%. These were large area solar cells (an average area of 15 sq cm). A maximum efficiency of 7.3% was obtained. The SOC solar cells showed both leakage and series resistance problems, leading to an average curve fill factor of about 60%.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-158736 , DOE/JPL-955089-79/4 , QR-3
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  • 8
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    Silicon Solar Cell Process Development, Fabrication and Analysis, Phase 1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Solar cells from RTR ribbons, EFG (RF and RH) ribbons, dendritic webs, Silso wafers, cast silicon by HEM, silicon on ceramic, and continuous Czochralski ingots were fabricated using a standard process typical of those used currently in the silicon solar cell industry. Back surface field (BSF) processing and other process modifications were included to give preliminary indications of possible improved performance. The parameters measured included open circuit voltage, short circuit current, curve fill factor, and conversion efficiency (all taken under AM0 illumination). Also measured for typical cells were spectral response, dark I-V characteristics, minority carrier diffusion length, and photoresponse by fine light spot scanning. the results were compared to the properties of cells made from conventional single crystalline Czochralski silicon with an emphasis on statistical evaluation. Limited efforts were made to identify growth defects which will influence solar cell performance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162427 , DOE/JPL-955089-79/4 , DRL-74/DRD-SE
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  • 9
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    Silicon Solar Cell Process Development, Fabrication and Analysis (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Ribbon to Ribbon (RTR) solar cells processed from polycrystalline feedstock showed maximum AMO efficiency of 5.6%. Solar cells from single crystalline feedstock showed slightly higher efficiency than those from polycrystalline feedstock, indicating maximum efficiency of about 6.6% with SiO AR coating. Single crystalline control cells gave 11-12% AMO efficiencies demonstrating that the poor performance of the RTR solar was due to the low quality of material itself. Dendritic web solar cells from the standard process showed maximum AMO efficiency of 9.8% while efficiency of control solar cells were around 11-12%. Web solar cells from back surface field (BSF) process indicated maximum AMO efficiency of 10.9%. Some improvement in open circuit voltage was noticed from the BSF process. Small light spot scanning experiments were carried out on the solar cells from Wacker Silso, EFG, RTR, and dendritic web ribbons. Photoresponse results provided information on localized cell performance and grain size in polycrystalline material, and agreed quite well with the cell performance data, such as efficiency, minority carrier diffusion length, and spectral response.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-158363 , DOE/JPL-955089-79/1 , QR-2
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  • 10
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    Development of Low Cost Contacts to Silicon Solar Cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Different electroless plating systems were evaluated in conjunction with copper electroplating. All tests involved simultaneous deposition of front and back contacts using a standard cell materials. Cells with good adhesion and good curve fill factors were obtained using a palladium-chromium-copper metallization system. The final copper contact system was evaluated to determine if the copper would migrate at elevated temperatures. The copper migrated at elevated temperatures causing cell output degradation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162179 , DOE/JPL-955244-79/2
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