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  • 1
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    Hot-spot durability testing of amorphous cells and modules (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper discusses the results of a study to determine the hot-spot susceptibility of amorphous-silicon (a-Si) cells and modules, and to provide guidelines for reducing that susceptibility. Amorphous-Si cells are shown to have hot-spot susceptibility levels similar to crystalline-silicon (C-Si) cells. This premise leads to the fact that the same general guidelines must apply to protecting a-Si cells from hot-spot stressing that apply to C-Si cells. Recommendations are made on ways of reducing a-Si module hot-spot susceptibility including the traditional method of using bypass diodes and a new method unique to thin-film cells, limiting the string current by limiting cell area.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Nickel-hydrogen separator development (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The separator technology is a critical element in the nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H2) systems. Previous research and development work carried out at NASA Lewis Research Center has determined that separators made from zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and potassium titanate (PKT) fibers will function satisfactorily in Ni-H2 cells without exhibiting the problems associated with the asbestos separators. A program has been established to transfer the separator technology into a commercial production line. A detailed plan of this program will be presented and the preliminary results will be discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 3
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    Characterization of the electrical output of flat-plate photovoltaic arrays (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The electric output of flat-plate photovoltaic arrays changes constantly, due primarily to changes in cell temperature and irradiance level. As a result, array loads such as direct-current to alternating-current power conditioners must be able to accommodate widely varying input levels, while maintaining operation at or near the array maximum power point.The results of an extensive computer simulation study that was used to define the parameters necessary for the systematic design of array/power-conditioner interfaces are presented as normalized ratios of power-conditioner parameters to array parameters, to make the results universally applicable to a wide variety of system sizes, sites, and operating modes. The advantages of maximum power tracking and a technique for computing average annual power-conditioner efficiency are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    UV-T-RH combined environmental testing (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A combined environmental aging chamber was developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The chamber has an ultraviolet (UV) light source that can be varied between 1 to 2 suns, temperature control from -40 to +175 C, and adjustable humidity. Results from two initial aging experiments (Tedlar and amorphous silicon colar cells) were presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proceedings of the 26th Project Integration Meeting; p 591-597
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  • 5
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    Megawatt solar power systems for lunar surface operations (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The work presented here shows that a solar power system can provide power on the order of one megawatt to a lunar base with a fairly high specific power. The main drawback to using solar power is still the high mass, and therefore, cost of supplying energy storage through the solar night. The use of cryogenic reactant storage in a fuel cell system, however, greatly reduces the total system mass over conventional energy storage schemes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: USRA, Proceedings of the 6th Annual Summer Conference: NASA(USRA University Advanced Design Program; p 229-239
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  • 6
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    Hot-spot heating susceptibility due to reverse bias operating conditions (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Because of field experience (indicating that cell and module degradation could occur as a result of hot spot heating), a laboratory test was developed at JPL to determine hot spot susceptibility of modules. The initial hot spot testing work at JPL formed a foundation for the test development. Test parameters are selected as follows. For high shunt resistance cells, the applied back bias test current is set equal to the test cell current at maximum power. For low shunt resistance cells, the test current is set equal to the cell short circuit current. The shadow level is selected to conform to that which would lead to maximum back bias voltage under the appropriate test current level. The test voltage is determined by the bypass diode frequency. The test conditions are meant to simulate the thermal boundary conditions for 100 mW/sq cm, 40C ambient environment. The test lasts 100 hours. A key assumption made during the development of the test is that no current imbalance results from the connecting of multiparallel cell strings. Therefore, the test as originally developed was applicable for single string case only.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Reliability and Eng. of Thin-Film Photovoltaic Modules; p 47-64
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  • 7
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    Predicting photothermal field performance (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Photothermal field performance in flat plate solar collectors was predicted. An analytical model which incorporates the measured dependency between transmittance loss and UV and temperature exposure levels was developed. The model uses SOLMET weather data extrapolated to 30 years for various sites and module mounting configurations. It is concluded that the temperature is the key to photothermally induced transmittance loss. The sensitivity of transmittance loss to UV level is nonlinear with minimum in curve near one sun. The ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) results are consistent with 30 year life allocation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 121-128
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  • 8
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    Design principles for nickel-hydrogen cells and batteries (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nickel-hydrogen cells and, more recently, bipolar batteries have been built by a variety of organizations. The design principles that have been used by the technology group at the NASA Lewis Research Center draw upon their extensive background in separator technology, alkaline fuel cell technology, and several alkaline cell technology areas. These design principles have been incorporated into both the more contemporary individual pressure vessel (IPV) designs that were pioneered by other groups, as well as the more recent bipolar battery designs using active cooling that are being developed at NASA Lewis Research Center and under contract. These principles are rather straightforward applications of capillary force formalisms, coupled with the slowly developing data base resulting from careful post test analyses. The objective of this overall effort is directed towards the low-earth-orbit (LEO) application where the cycle life requirements are much more severe than the geosynchronous-orbit (GEO) application. A summary of the design principles employed is presented along with a discussion of the recommendations for component pore sizes and pore size distributions, as well as suggested materials of construction. These will be made based on our experience in these areas to show how these design principles have been translated into operating hardware.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 9
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    A technique for determining solar irradiance deficits (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analytic technique which determines the variation of solar irradiance from long term averages is presented. The technique involves computer-assisted data reduction techniques, and was designed to improve system reliability by determining the amount of storage capability required to supplement a baseline system. Variations in time intervals of up to 60 days can be determined, and 10 years of data collection are reviewed. The technique involves first calculating average monthly irradiance values, then examining the average irradiance deviation over time intervals. The calculation procedure is clarified by determining solar energy level probabilities and the long term solar energy deviation (achieved by repeatedly integrating actual irradiance figures). It is found that a 15% increase in collector area and the addition of energy storage or backup are essential contributions to achieving cost-effectiveness. In addition, one to seven no-sun day storage capacities are required to accommodate weather caused deficits.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Reliability; R-31; Aug. 198
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  • 10
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    Amorphous-silicon module hot-spot testing (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Hot spot heating occurs when cell short-circuit current is lower than string operating current. Amorphous cell hot spot are tested to develop the techniques required for performing reverse bias testing of amorphous cells. Also, to quantify the response of amorphous cells to reverse biasing. Guidelines are developed from testing for reducing hot spot susceptibility of amorphous modules and to develop a qualification test for hot spot testing of amorphous modules. It is concluded that amorphous cells undergo hot spot heating similarly to crystalline cells. Comparison of results obtained with submodules versus actual modules indicate heating levels lower in actual modules. Module design must address hot spot testing and hot spot qualification test conducted on modules showed no instabilities and minor cell erosion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proceedings of the 25th Project Integration Meeting; p 673-684
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