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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (15)
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  • 1
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    Single cell performance studies on the FE/CR Redox Energy Storage System using mixed reactant solutions at elevated temperature (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experimental studies in a 14.5 sq cm single cell system using mixed reactant solutions at 65 C are described. Systems were tested under isothermal conditions, i.e., reactants and the cell were at the same temperature. Charging and discharging performance were evaluated by measuring watt-hour and coulombic efficiencies, voltage-current relationships, hydrogen evolution and membrane resistivity. Watt-hour efficiencies ranged from 86 percent at 43 ma/sq cm to 75 percent at 129 ma/sq cm with corresponding coulombic efficiencies of 92 percent and 97 percent, respectively. Hydrogen evolution was less than 1 percent of the charge coulumbic capacity during charge-discharge cycling. Bismuth amd bismuth-lead catalyzed chromium electrodes maintained reversible performance and low hydrogen evolution under normal and adverse cycling conditions. Reblending of the anode and cathode solutions was successfully demonstrated to compensate for osmotic volume changes. Improved performance was obtained with mixed reactant systems in comparison to the unmixed reactant systems. Previously announced in STAR as N83-25042
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Cycling performance of the iron-chromium redox energy storage system (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Extended charge-discharge cycling of this electrochemical storage system at 65 C was performed on 14.5 sq cm single cells and a four cell, 867 sq cm bipolar stack. Both the anolyte and catholyte reactant fluids contained 1 molar concentrations of iron and chromium chlorides in hydrochloric acid and were separated by a low-selectivity, cation-exchange membrane. The effect of cycling on the chromium electrode and the cation-exchange membrane was determined. Bismuth and bismuth-lead catalyzed chromium electrodes and a radiation-grafted polyethylene membrane were evaluated by cycling between 5 and 85 percent state-of-charge at 80 mA/sq cm and by periodic charge-discharge polarization measurements to 140 mA/sq cm. Gradual performance losses were observed during cycling but were recoverable by completely discharging the system. Good scale-up to the 867 sq cm stack was achieved. The only difference appeared to be an unexplained resistive-type loss which resulted in a 75 percent W-hr efficiency (at 80 mA/sq cm versus 81 percent for the 14.5 sq cm cell). A new rebalance cell was developed to maintain reactant ionic balance. The cell successfully reduced ferric ions in the iron reactant stream to ferrous ions while chloride ions were oxidized to chlorine gas.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Negative electrode catalyst for the iron chromium redox energy storage system (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A redox cell which operates at elevated temperatures and which utilizes the same two metal couples in each of the two reactant fluids is disclosed. Each fluid includes a bismuth salt and may also include a lead salt. A low cost, cation permselective membrane separates the reactant fluids.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 4
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    Zirconium carbide as an electrocatalyst for the chromous-chromic redox couple (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Zirconium carbide is used as a catalyst in a REDOX cell for the oxidation of chromous ions to chromic ions and for the reduction of chromic ions to chromous ions. The zirconium carbide is coated on an inert electronically conductive electrode which is present in the anode fluid of the cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 5
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    Anion exchange membranes for electrochemical oxidation-reduction energy storage system (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Oxidation-reduction couples in concentrated solutions separated by appropriate ion selective membranes were considered as an attractive approach to bulk electrical energy storage. A key problem is the development of the membrane. Several promising types of anionic membranes are discussed which were developed and evaluated for redox energy storage systems. The copolymers of ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate with either 2-vinylpyridine or vinylbenzl chloride gave stable resistance values compared to the copolymer of vinylbenzlchloride and divinylbenzene which served as the baseline membrane. A polyvinylchloride film aminated with tetraethylenepentamine had a low resistance but a high ion transfer rate. A slurry coated vinylpyridine had the lowest ion transfer rate. All these membranes functioned well in laboratory cells at ambient temperatures with the acidic chloride oxidant/reductant system, Fe 3, Fe 2/Ti 3, Ti 4.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-73751 , ERDA/NASA-1002/77/2 , E-9222
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  • 6
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    Supply of reactants for Redox bulk energy storage systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: World resources, reserves, production, and costs of reactant materials, iron, chromium, titanium and bromine for proposed redox cell bulk energy storage systems are reviewed. Supplying required materials for multimegawatt hour systems appears to be feasible even at current production levels. Iron and chromium ores are the most abundant and lowest cost of four reactants. Chromium is not a domestic reserve, but redox system installations would represent a small fraction of U.S. imports. Vast quantities of bromine are available, but present production is low and therefore cost is high. Titanium is currently available at reasonable cost, with ample reserves available for the next fifty years.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-78995 , E-9779 , DOE/NASA/1002-78/1
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  • 7
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    The Redox flow system for solar photovoltaic energy storage (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A new method of storage was applied to a solar photovoltaic system. The storage method is a redox flow system which utilizes the oxidation-reduction capability of two soluble electrochemical redox couples for its storage capacity. The particular variant described separates the charging and discharging function of the system such that the electrochemical couples are simultaneously charged and discharged in separate parts of the system. The solar array had 12 solar cells; wired in order to give a range of voltages and currents. The system stored the solar energy so that a load could be run continually day and night. The main advantages of the redox system are that it can accept a charge in the low voltage range and produce a relatively constant output regardless of solar activity.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73562 , E-9006 , Photovoltaic Specialist Conf.; Nov 15, 1976 - Nov 18, 1976; Baton Rouge, LA; United States
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  • 8
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    Factors affecting the open-circuit voltage and electrode kinetics of some iron/titanium/redox flow cells (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effect of acid concentration on the performance of the iron-titanium redox flow cell was studied. When the acidity was increased, open-circuit voltages decreased on the titanium side but load voltages increased due to decreased polarization. The best load voltage occurs when there is high acidity on the titanium side coupled with low acidity on the iron side, but such cells show voltage losses with repeated cycling because of the diffusion of acid through the membrane. No membrane tested has been found capable of maintaining the differences in acidity. Chelating agents show some promise in reducing polarization at the Ti electrode and thus improving energy efficiency.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Symposium on Electrode Materials and Processes for Energy Conversion and Storage; May 09, 1977 - May 12, 1977; Philadelphia, PA
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Single cell performance studies on the Fe/Cr Redox Energy Storage System using mixed reactant solutions at elevated temperature (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Experimental studies in a 14.5 sq cm single cell system using mixed reactant solutions at 65 C are described. Systems were tested under isothermal conditions i.e., reactants and the cell were at the same temperature. Charging and discharging performance were evaluted by measuring watt-hour and coulombic efficiencies, voltage-current relationships, hydrogen evolution and membrane resistivity. Watt-hour efficiencies ranged from 86% at 43 ma/sq cm to 75% at 129 ma/sq cm with corresponding coulombic efficiencies of 92% and 97%, respectively. Hydrogen evolution was less than 1% of the charge coulombic capacity during charge-discharge cycling. Bismuth and bismuth-lead catalyzed chromium electrodes maintained reversible performance and low hydrogen evolution under normal and adverse cycling conditions. Reblending of the anode and cathode solutions was successfully demonstrated to compensate for osmotic volume changes. Improved performance was obtained with mixed reactant systems in comparison to the unmixed reactant systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-83385 , DOE/NASA/12726-21 , E-1662 , NAS 1.15:83385 , Intersoc. Energy Conversion Engr. Conf.; Aug 21, 1983 - Aug 26, 1983; Orlando, FL; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Performance of advanced chromium electrodes for the NASA Redox Energy Storage System (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Chromium electrodes were prepared for the NASA Redox Storage System with meet the performance requirements for solar-photovoltaic, wind-turbine and electric utility applications. Gold-lead catalyzed carbon felt electrodes up tp 930 sq cm were fabricated and tested in single cells and multicell stacks for hydrogen evolution, coulombic efficiency, catalyst stability and electrochemical activity. Factors which affect the overall performance of a particular electrode include the carbon felt lot, the cleaning treatment and the gold catalyzation method. Effects of the chromium solution chemistry and impurities on charge/discharge performance are also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-82724 , E-1025 , DOE/NASA/12726-15
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