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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,170)
  • 1
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    Microwave emission from snow and glacier ice (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The microwave brightness temperature for snow fields was studied assuming that the snow cover consists of closely packed scattering spheres which do not interact coherently. The Mie scattering theory was used to compute the volume scattering albedo. It is shown that in the wavelength range from 0.8 to 2.8 cm, most of the micro-radiation emanates from a layer 10 meters or less in thickness. It is concluded that it is possible to determine snow accumulation rates as well as near-surface temperature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70871 , X-910-75-36
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  • 2
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    Large area mapping of soil moisture using the ESTAR passive microwave radiometer (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Investigations designed to study land surface hydrologic-atmospheric interactions, showing the potential of L band passive microwave radiometry for measuring surface soil moisture over large areas, are discussed. Satisfying the data needs of these investigations requires the ability to map large areas rapidly. With aircraft systems this means a need for more beam positions over a wider swath on each flightline. For satellite systems the essential problem is resolution. Both of these needs are currently being addressed through the development and verification of Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR) technology. The ESTAR L band radiometer was evaluated for soil moisture mapping applications in two studies. The first was conducted over the semiarid rangeland Walnut Gulch watershed located in south eastern Arizona (U.S.). The second was performed in the subhumid Little Washita watershed in south west Oklahoma (U.S.). Both tests showed that the ESTAR is capable of providing soil moisture with the same level of accuracy as existing systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CNES, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 467-474
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  • 3
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    Soil moisture verification study of the ESTAR microwave radiometer - Walnut Gulch, AZ 1991 (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The application of an electronically steered thinned array L-band radiometer (ESTAR) for soil moisture mapping is investigated over the arid rangeland Walnut Gulch Watershed. Antecedent rainfall and evaporation for the flights are very different and result in a wide range of soil moisture conditions. The high spatial variability of rainfall events within this region results in moisture conditions with dramatic spatial patterns. Sensor performance is verified using two approaches. Microwave data are used in conjunction with a microwave emission model to predict soil moisture. These predictions are compared to ground observations of soil moisture. A second verification is possible using an extensive data set. Both tests showed that the ESTAR is capable of providing soil moisture with the same level of accuracy as existing systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 486-488.
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  • 4
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    Microwave backscatter and emission observed from Shuttle Imaging Radar B and an airborne 1.4 GHz radiometer (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A soil moisture experiment conducted with the Shuttle Imaging Radar B (SIR-B) is reported. SIR-B operated at 1.28 GHz provided the active microwave measurements, while a 4-beam pushbroom 1.4 GHz radiometer gave the complementary passive microwave measurements. The aircraft measurements were made at an altitude of 330 m, resulting in a ground resolution cell of about 100 m diameter. SIR-B ground resolution from 225 km was about 35 m. More than 150 agricultural fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California were examined in the experiment. The effect of surface roughness height on radar backscatter and radiometric measurements was studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 5
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    Calculations of radar backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered soils (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation has the objective to develop a simple 'user's' model for simulating the measured radar backscattering coefficients from vegetation-covered fields in conjunction with the data obtained by Jackson et al. (1980, 1982). The theoretical work reported by Fung and Eom (1981) provides the basis for the model. Certain modifications are related to a consideration of the effect of a vegetation canopy. The first part of the model is concerned with a description of scatter from rough bare soil, while the second part takes into account the effect of a vegetation cover. It is shown that the measured angular distribution of the backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered fields can be satisfactory reproduced by using the developed model.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 119-133
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  • 6
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    Microwave maps of the polar ice of the earth (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Synoptic views of the entire polar regions of earth have been obtained free of the usual persistent cloud cover using a scanning microwave radiometer operating at a wavelength of 1.55 cm on board the Nimbus-5 satellite. Three different views at each pole are presented utilizing data obtained at approximately one-month intervals from December 1972 to February 1973. Large discrepancies exist between the long-term ice cover depicted in various atlases and the actual extent of the canopies. The distribution of multiyear ice in the north polar region is markedly different from that predicted by existing ice dynamics models. Irregularities in the edge of the Antarctic sea ice pack occur that have neither been observed previously nor anticipated. The brightness temperatures of the Greenland and Antarctic glaciers show interesting contours probably related to the ice and snow morphologic structure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 55
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  • 7
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    Radiometric measurements over bare and vegetated fields at 1.4-GHz and 5-GHz frequencies (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-22587)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 12; Sept
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  • 8
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    A model for microwave emission from vegetation-covered fields (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The measured brightness temperatures over vegetation-covered fields are simulated by a radiative transfer model which treats the vegetation as a uniform canopy with a constant temperature, over a moist soil which emits polarized microwave radiation. The analytic formula for the microwave emission has four parameters: roughness height, polarization mixing factor, effective canopy optical thickness, and single scattering albedo. A good representation has been obtained with the model for both the horizontally and vertically polarized brightness temperatures at 1.4 and 5 GHz frequencies, over fields covered with grass, soybean and corn. A directly proportional relation is found between effective canopy optical thickness and the amount of water present in the vegetation canopy. The effective canopy single scattering albedo depends on vegetation type.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Dec. 20
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  • 9
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    Remote sensing of soil moisture (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Four major objectives are proposed: (1) to study the sensitivity of active and passive microwave remote sensing approaches to soil moisture variations; (2) to investigate the effect of vegetation cover on microwave backscatter and emission; (3) to test theoretical models of microwave backscatter and emission from a natural terrain against the observations obtained from SIR-B and aircraft radiometer flights; and (4) to estimate vegetation biomass with airborne visible and infrared sensors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 4 p
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  • 10
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    Microwave radiometer experiment of soil moisture sensing at BARC test site during summer 1981 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Soil moisture was measured by truck mounted microwave radiometers at the frequencies of 1.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 10.7 GHz. The soil textures in the two test sites were different so that the soil type effect of microwave radiometric response could be studied. Several fields in each test site were prepared with different surface roughnesses and vegetation covers. Ground truth on the soil moisture, temperature, and the biomass of the vegetation was acquired in support of the microwave radiometric measurements. Soil bulk density for each of the fields in both test sites was sampled. The soils in both sites were measured mechanically and chemically. A tabulation of the measured data is presented and the sensors and operational problems associated with the measurements are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-86056 , NAS 1.15:86056
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