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  • 1
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    Earth observations for the space radar laboratory mission: Report on the student challenge awards project (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Challenge Awards are designed to provide a unique perspective to students gifted in the arts and humanities from which to understand scientific endeavor by giving students an opportunity to participate in an ongoing research project. In the graduate program, seven students who had participated in previous Challenge Awards programs were selected to help develop the tools for Earth observations for the astronauts on the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) missions. The goal of the Challenge Awards program was to prepare a training manual for the astronauts on the SRL missions. This paper describes the observations to be made by the astronauts on the SRL missions. The emphasis is on the dynamic seasonal features of the Earth's surface and atmosphere which justify the need for more than one flight of the SRL. Complete notebooks of the sites, global seasonal patterns, examples of radar and the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites data, and shuttle photographs have been given to each of the SRL crews.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geocarto (ISSN 1010-6049); 9; 1; p. 61-80
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  • 2
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    Comparison of active and passive microwave signatures of Arctic sea ice (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-08-04
    Description: In March 1988, overlapping active and passive microwave instrument data were acquired over Arctic sea ice using the NASA DC-8 aircraft equipped with multifrequency, variable polarization SAR and radiometer. Flights were conducted as a series of coordinated underflights of the DMSP SSM/I satellite radiometer in order to validate ice products derived from the SSM/I radiances. Subsequent flights by an NRL P-3 aircraft enabled overlapping high-resolution, single frequency image data to be acquired over the same regions using a Ka-band scanning microwave radiometer. In this paper, techniques are discussed for the accurate coregistration of the three aircraft datasets. Precise coregistration to an accuracy of 100 m plus or minus 25 m has, for the first time, enabled the detailed comparison of temporally and spatially coincident active and passive airborne microwave datasets. Preliminary results from the intercomparisons indicate that the SAR has highly frequency- and polarization-dependent signatures, which at 5.3 GHz (C-band) show an extremely high correlation with the 37 GHz radiometric temperatures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proceedings of the Second Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) Workshop; p 29-36
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  • 3
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    Sea ice radar signatures from ERS-1 SAR during late Summer and Fall in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: A study which examines ERS-1 C band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery of sea ice obtained in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas from mid Summer through Fall freeze up and early Winter in 1991 is presented. Radar backscatter statistics of sea ice were obtained from the imagery, using common floes tracked through consecutive repeat images whenever possible. During the Summer months, strong fluctuations in ice signatures of several dB are observed over 2 to 3 day periods, which are found to be closely related to air temperature excursions above and below freezing that alters the phase of the ice surface. As air temperatures drop steadily below freezing in the Fall, the signatures of the pack ice increase in brightness and become more stable with time. Multiyear ice is distinguished from rough and smooth first year ice. There are also variations in the multiyear signatures with latitude. Large variations are seen in new ice and open water contained within leads which results in ambiguous classification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of First ERS-1 Symposium on Space at the Service of Our Environment, Volume 1; p 339-342
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  • 4
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    Applications of the EOS SAR to monitoring global change (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The SAR employed by NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) is a multifrequency multipolarization radar which can conduct global monitoring of geophysical and biophysical parameters. The present discussion of the EOS SAR's role in global monitoring emphasizes geophysical product variables applicable to global hydrologic, biogeochemical, and energy cycle models. EOS SAR products encompass biomass, wetland areas, and phenologic and environmental states, in the field of ecosystem dynamics; soil moisture, snow moisture and extent, and glacier and ice sheet extent and velocity, in hydrologic cycle studies; surface-wave fields and sea ice properties, in ocean/atmosphere circulation; and the topography, erosion, and land forms of the solid earth.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IAF PAPER 91-163
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  • 5
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    Shuttle imaging radar views the Earth from Challenger: The SIR-B experiment (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In October 1984, SIR-B obtained digital image data of about 6.5 million km2 of the Earth's surface. The coverage is mostly of selected experimental test sites located between latitudes 60 deg north and 60 deg south. Programmed adjustments made to the look angle of the steerable radar antenna and to the flight attitude of the shuttle during the mission permitted collection of multiple-incidence-angle coverage or extended mapping coverage as required for the experiments. The SIR-B images included here are representative of the coverage obtained for scientific studies in geology, cartography, hydrology, vegetation cover, and oceanography. The relations between radar backscatter and incidence angle for discriminating various types of surfaces, and the use of multiple-incidence-angle SIR-B images for stereo measurement and viewing, are illustrated with examples. Interpretation of the images is facilitated by corresponding images or photographs obtained by different sensors or by sketch maps or diagrams.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-177158 , JPL-PUB-86-10 , NAS 1.26:177158
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  • 6
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    The geophysical processor system: Automated analysis of ERS-1 SAR imagery (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Geophysical Processor System (GPS) at the Alaska (U.S.) SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Facility (ASF) uses ERS-1 SAR images as input to generate three types of products: sea ice motion, sea ice type, and ocean wave spectra. The GPS, operating automatically with minimal human intervention, delivers its output to the Archive and Catalog System (ACS) where scientists can search and order the products on line. The GPS has generated more than 10,000 products since it became operational in Feb. 1992, and continues to deliver 500 new products per month to the ACS. These products cover the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas and the western portion of the central Arctic Ocean. More geophysical processing systems are needed to handle the large volumes of data from current and future satellites. Images must be routinely and consistently analyzed to yield useful information for scientists. The current GPS is a good, working prototype on the way to more sophisticated systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the Second ERS-1 Symposium on Space at the Service of Our Environment, Volume 1; p 281-286
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  • 7
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    Satellite observations of mesoscale features in lower Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait, Gulf of Alaska (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Seasat satellite launched in Summer 1978 carried a synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Although Seasat failed after 105 days in orbit, it provided observations that demonstrate the potential to examine and monitor upper oceanic processes. Seasat made five passes over lower Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait, Alaska, during Summer 1978. SAR images from the passes show oceanographic features, including a meander in a front, a pair of mesoscale eddies, and internal waves. These features are compared with contemporary and representative images from a satellite-borne Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), with water property data, and with current observations from moored instruments. The results indicate that SAR data can be used to monitor mesoscale oceanographic features.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-190050 , NAS 1.26:190050 , PB92-101633 , NOAA-TR-ERL-445 , PMEL-40 , CONTRIB-1230
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  • 8
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    Aggregating available soil water holding capacity data for crop yield models (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The total amount of water available to plants that is held against gravity in a soil is usually estimated as the amount present at -0.03 MPa average water potential minus the amount present at -1.5 MPa water potential. This value, designated available water-holding capacity (AWHC), is a very important soil characteristic that is strongly and positively correlated to the inherent productivity of soils. In various applications, including assessing soil moisture status over large areas, it is necessary to group soil types or series as to their productivity. Current methods to classify AWHC of soils consider only total capacity of soil profiles and thus may group together soils which differ greatly in AWHC as a function of depth in the profile. A general approach for evaluating quantitatively the multidimensional nature of AWHC in soils is described. Data for 902 soil profiles, representing 184 soil series, in Indiana were obtained from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at Purdue University. The AWHC for each of ten 150-mm layers in each soil was established, based on soil texture and parent material. A multivariate clustering procedure was used to classify each soil profile into one of 4, 8, or 12 classes based upon ten-dimensional AWHC values. The optimum number of classes depends on the range of AWHC in the population of oil profiles analyzed and on the sensitivity of a crop to differences in distribution of water within the soil profile.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10161 , NASA-CR-171791 , NAS 1.26:171791 , LARS-TR-011584
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  • 9
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    SEASAT synthetic-aperture radar data user's manual (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The SEASAT Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) system, the data processors, the extent of the image data set, and the means by which a user obtains this data are described and the data quality is evaluated. The user is alerted to some potential problems with the existing volume of SEASAT SAR image data, and allows him to modify his use of that data accordingly. Secondly, the manual focuses on the ultimate focuses on the ultimate capabilities of the raw data set and evaluates the potential of this data for processing into accurately located, amplitude-calibrated imagery of high resolution. This allows the user to decide whether his needs require special-purpose data processing of the SAR raw data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E83-10321 , NASA-CR-170381 , JPL-PUB-82-90 , NAS 1.26:170381
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  • 10
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    SEASAT views oceans and sea ice with synthetic aperture radar (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Fifty-one SEASAT synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the oceans and sea ice are presented. Surface and internal waves, the Gulf Stream system and its rings and eddies, the eastern North Pacific, coastal phenomena, bathymetric features, atmospheric phenomena, and ship wakes are represented. Images of arctic pack and shore-fast ice are presented. The characteristics of the SEASAT SAR system and its image are described. Maps showing the area covered, and tables of key orbital information, and listing digitally processed images are provided.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-168919 , JPL-PUB-81-120 , NAS 1.26:168919
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