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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (48)
  • 1
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    Synergistic use of optical and microwave data in agrometeorological applications (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Remotely sensed optical and microwave data can be synergistically used to infer land surface properties. Optical data can be used to estimate surface albedo, radiation absorption by vegetation canopies and their photosynthetic efficiencies. Vegetation canopy reflectance at red and near-infrared wavelengths can be used to correct for vegetation effect on microwave emissivities at low frequencies for estimating soil moisture. Optical data can also provide information about surface and air temperatures, precipitable water vapor, cloud top temperature and its water content. This information can be utilized to correct microwave data for atmospheric effects. These points are illustrated with theoretical analyses and by application to satellite data. The basic physical mechanisms operative at the various wavelengths are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 13; 5; p. 239-248.
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  • 2
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    Relationship of multispectral satellite data to land surface evaporation from the Australian continent (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Based on NOAA-9 AVHRR and Nimbus-7 SMMR satellite data, satellite indices of vegetation from the Australian continent are calculated for the period of May 1986 to April 1987. Visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) reflectances and the normalized difference (ND) vegetation index are calculated from the AVHRR sensor. The microwave polarization difference (PD) is also calculated as the difference between the vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures at 37 GHz. ND, PD, VIS, and NIR indices were plotted against rainfall and water balance estimates of evaporation. It is concluded that direct satellite monitoring of annual evaporation across the Australian continent using PD or VIS satellite indices of vegetation biomass appears possible for areas with evaporation less than 600 mm/y and that use of the ND relationship at continental scale may underpredict monthly evaporation of forests relative to agriculture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 11; 2069-208
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  • 3
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    Monitoring arid lands using AVHRR-observed visible reflectance and SMMR37-GHz polarization difference (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Visible reflectance along a transect through the Sahel and Sudan zones of Africa has been derived from observations by the AVHRR on the NOAA-7 and NOAA-9 satellites and compared with concurrent observations of the 37-GHz polarization difference by the SMMR on the Nimbus-7 satellite. The study period was January 1982 to December 1986, which included an unprecedented drought during 1984 over the Sahel zone. While spatial and temporal patterns of these two data sets are found to be highly correlated, there are also quantitative differences which need to be understood.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 11; 1949-195
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  • 4
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    Simulated and observed 37 GHz emission over Africa (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model for simulating polarized 37-GHz microwave emissions from vegetated surfaces is proposed. An equation expressing the radiative transfer is solved using a two-point Gauss quadrature method. Surface temperature, reflectance, normalized difference, and polarized brightness temperatures are obtained from processed multispectral satellite data. The model simulations are evaluated against satellite data collected between January 1982 and December 1983 along a transect going from rain forest to hot desert over Africa (0 deg to 20 deg N, 11 deg E). It is found that the temporal variation of the average brightness temperature matches closely the surface temperature. The seasonal variation of the polarization difference is confined within the latitude band of 8 deg to 18 deg N, but the normalized difference continues to show seasonal variation south of 8 deg N. The relations between the polarization difference and the normal difference and between the polarization difference and the reflectance are considered to be nonlinear and almost linear, respectively.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 11; 1837-186
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  • 5
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    Estimates of primary productivity over the Thar Desert based upon Nimbus-7 37 GHz data - 1979-1985 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An empirical relationship has been determined between the difference of vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures noted at the 37 GHz frequency of the Nimbus-7 SMMR and primary productivity over hot arid and semiarid regions of Africa and Australia. This empirical relationship is applied to estimate the primary productivity over the Thar Desert between 1979 and 1985, giving an average value of 0.271 kg/sq m per yr. The spatial variability of the productivity values is found to be quite significant, with a standard deviation about the mean of 0.08 kg/sq m per yr.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 8; 1885-189
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  • 6
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    Monitoring vegetation using Nimbus-7 scanning mutichannel microwave radiometer's data (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Field studies and radiative transfer model calculations have shown that brightness temperature at high microwave frequencies is strongly affected by vegetation. The daytime observations for six consecutive years (1979 to 1984) over the Sahara, Senegalese Sahel, Burkina Fasso (Upper Volta), and U.S. Southern Great Plains at 37 GHz frequency of the Sanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 satellite are analyzed, and a high correlation with the normalized difference vegetation index derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer on board the NOAA-7 satellite is found. The SMMR data appear to provide a valuable new long-term global data set for monitoring vegetation. In particular, the differing responses of vegetation (for example, annual grasses versus woody plants) to drought and the stability of the desert/steppe boundary of northern Africa might be studied using the time series data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 8; 533-538
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  • 7
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    Quantifying spatial and temporal variabilities of microwave brightness temperature over the U.S. Southern Great Plains (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spatial and temporal variabilities of microwave brightness temperature over the U.S. Southern Great Plains are quantified in terms of vegetation and soil wetness. The brightness temperatures (TB) are the daytime observations from April to October for five years (1979 to 1983) obtained by the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer at 6.6 GHz frequency, horizontal polarization. The spatial and temporal variabilities of vegetation are assessed using visible and near-infrared observations by the NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), while an Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) model is used for soil wetness. The API model was able to account for more than 50 percent of the observed variability in TB, although linear correlations between TB and API were generally significant at the 1 percent level. The slope of the linear regression between TB and API is found to correlate linearly with an index for vegetation density derived from AVHRR data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 8; 177-191
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  • 8
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    Multispectral remote sensing contribution to land surface evaporation (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The global water cycle is perhaps the most important of all the biogeochemical cycles and evaporation, which is a significant component of the water cycle, is also linked with the energy and carbon cycles. Long-term evaporation over large areas has generally been computed as the difference of precipitation and river runoff. Analysis of short-term evaporation rate and its spatial pattern, however, is extremely complex, and multispectral remotely sensed data could aid in such analysis. Multispectral data considered here are visible and near-infrared reflectances, infrared surface temperature and the 37 GHz brightness temperatures. These observations are found to be not totally independent of each other. A few of their relationships are established and discussed considering physically-based models.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 9
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    Comparison of data from the Scanning Multifrequency Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) with data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) for terrestrial environmental monitoring - An overview (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Comparison between the microwave polarized difference temperature (MPDT) derived from 37 GHz band data and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from near-infrared and red bands, from several empirical investigations are summarized. These indicate the complementary character of the two measures in environmental monitoring. Overall the NDVI is more sensitive to green leaf activity, whereas the MPDT appears also to be related to other elements of the above-ground biomass. Monitoring of hydrological phenomena is carried out much more effectively by the MPDT. Further work is needed to explain spectral and temporal variation in MPDT both through modelling and field experiments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 10; 1687-169
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  • 10
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    Observation of hydrological features with Nimbus-7 37 GHz data, applied to South America (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The microwave polarization difference temperature (MPDT) prepared from 37 GHz Scanning Multifrequnecy Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data from the Nimbus-7 satellite allows a unique vision of hydrological features, especially of humid areas. From the series of monthly images from 1979 to 1985 the major hydrological features of four major river basins of South America are briefly examined. These include rivers of the Amazon, La Plata, Orinoco and Sao Francisco, wetlands in the La Plata and Amazon basins and floods in the La Plata basin. Many hydrological features appear much as they do on conventional maps. An interesting prespective can be derived from the ways in which they differ from conventional maps.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 10; 1673-168
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