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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: In the past a snow layer has been modeled as a homogeneous layer embedded with sparsely populated Rayleigh scatterers above an irregular ground surface. The effect of the ground surface can be ignored if the layer is sufficiently lossy due to wetness in the snow. The top surface of the snow layer may be treated as plane or irregular depending upon its actual shape and its wetness condition. For a dry snow condition where the electromagnetic wave can penetrate easily one can ignore the air-snow interface. As a result a variety of emission and scattering models exist. An improvement to the existing scattering or emission model would consist of an irregular layer with densely populated correlated scatterers. The development of this model and its application to scattering and emission from a snow layer are discussed. Also disucssed is a surface scattering model for a soil surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 9; 1 19
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Results are presented from efforts to generate physical surfaces from known or desired surface statistical properties, proceeding from previous work on the generation of random surfaces for use in computer simulations. The known statistical surface is extended using a bicubic spline technique; these results are interfaced with a numerically controlled machine in order to generate the physical surface. A portion of a complete surface with Gaussian statistics was constructed and tested to measure conformity to the desired statistics.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 10; 1155-117
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Models for scattering from a vegetation layer treated as a collection of discrete scatterers usually assume far field interaction among scatterers. In a real vegetation medium such as a deciduous forest or a soybean field it is not always true that each leaf is in the far field of other leaves. This paper examines the additional effect when scatterers are permitted to be in the Fresnel zone of one another. Both disc-shaped and needle-shaped leaves are considered. It is found that in general this causes the backscattering coefficient to be lower for the disk-shaped leaves and may be higher or lower for the needle-shaped leaves depending upon polarization, incidence angle, and frequency than those computed under the assumption of conventional far field interaction.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 23; 35-50
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