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  • 1
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    Reflectance and transmittance of snow at high spectral resolution (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A radiative-transfer model for the bidirectional reflectance-distribution function (BRDF) shows that snow is moderately anisotropic in the NIR wavelengths. Although the directional-hemispherical albedo of snow decreases as the grains become larger, the forward scattering also increases, with the result that the illumination and viewing geometry must be considered when interpreting physical properties of the surface layer of the snow pack from remote sensing data. Measurements of the BRDF and the transmittance for a variety of snow conditions were made throughout the winter and spring seasons with an SE-590 spectroradiometer, for wavelengths from 0.38 to 1.11 microns. Coincident with these, the surface grain properties were analyzed by stereological methods. A sphere with the same surface-to-volume ratio as the ice grains is used as the equivalent sphere.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 2
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    Snow property measurements correlative to microwave emission at 35 GHz (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Snow microstructure, measured by plane section analysis, and snow wetness, measured by the dilution method, are used to calculate input parameters for a microwave emission model that uses the radiative transfer method. The scattering and absorbing properties are calculated by Mie theory. The effects of different equivalent sphere conversions, adjustments for near-field interference, and different snow wetness characterizations are compared for various snow conditions. The concentric shell geometry of liquid water in snow yields higher emissivities and better model results than the separate-sphere configuration for liquid water contents greater than 0.05, while at lower liquid water contents the separate-sphere treatment gives better results.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-25; 751-757
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  • 3
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    Covariance of greenness and terrain variables over the Konza Prairie (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis is made of time-dependent covariance of the greenness vegetation index with mapped terrain variables over the Konza Prarie (Kansas) during the 1987 growing season. The analysis was part of an ongoing project to establish appopriate ground-sampling and data-integration strategies for satellite-based monitoring of land surface climate conditions. Greenness images for six dates between May and October were derived from atmospherically corrected thematic mapper (TM) data and coregistered with maps of woody vegetation, fire, and soils. Local variance in greenness peaked in mid-June, falling rapidly until mid-August, and declining gradually thereafter. Greenness images exhibited positive autocorrelation up to distances of 180-210 m, but the dominant scale of pattern occurred at a block size of 60 m by 60 m throughout the growing season. 40-44 percent of total scene variance in July and August was accounted for by the effects of woody vegetation (8.9 percent of the area), prairie burning, and soil type. The effect of these terrain variables was fairly consistent between June and late August and was manifested as additional high-frequency spatial variation in imagery from that period.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 4
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    Snow property measurements correlative to microwave emission at 35 GHz (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Snow microstructure, measured by plane section analysis, and snow wetness, measured by the dilution method, are used to calculate input parameters for a microwave emission model that uses the radiative transfer method. The scattering and absorbing properties are calculated by Mie theory. The effects of different equivalent sphere conversions, adjustments for near-field interference, and different snow wetness characterizations are compared for various snow conditions. The concentric shell geometry of liquid water in snow yields higher emissivities and better model results than the separate-sphere configuration for liquid water contents greater than 0.05, while at lower liquid water contents the separate-sphere treatment gives better results.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the 1986 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '86) on Remote Sensing: Today's Solutions for Tomorrow's Information Needs, Volume 2; p 915-920
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  • 5
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    The spectral bidirectional reflectance of snow (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: A radiative transfer model for the bidirectional reflectance-distribution function (BRDF) shows that snow is moderately anisotropic in the near-infrared wavelengths. Although the directional-hemispherical albedo of snow decreases as the grains become larger, the forward scattering also increases, with the result that the illumination and viewing geometry must be considered when interpreting physical properties of the surface layer of the snow pack from remote sensing data. Measurements of the BRDF for a variety of snow conditions were made throughout the winter and spring seasons with a spectroradiometer, for wavelengths from 0.38 to 1.11 microns. Coincident with these the surface grain properties were analyzed by stereological methods. The data show that Mie scattering calculations using an equivalent spherical radius match the directional-hemispherical reflectance, but the BRDF usually shows a small peak in the backscattered direction that would not occur from spherical grains. The sphere with the same surface-to-volume ratio as the ice grains is used as the equivalent sphere.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium on Spectral Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 87-92
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  • 6
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    Application of Thermal Infrared Multiband Scanner (TIMS) data to mapping of Plutonic and stratified rock and assemblages in accreted terrains of the Northern Sierra, California (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data were acquired over the Donner Pass area in California on September 12, 1985. The higher peaks in the area approach 9,200 feet in elevation, while the canyon of the north fork of the American River is only 3000 feet in elevation. The vegetation is dominated by conifers, although manzanita and other shrubs are present in areas where soils have developed. The data contain noise patterns which cut across scan lines diagonally. The TIMS data were analyzed using both photointerpretative and digital processing techniques. Preliminary image interpretation and field analysis confirmed that TIMS image data displays the chert units and silicic volcanics as bright red. The imagery appears to display zoning in the batholithic and hypabyssal intrusive rocks, although this was not field checked at this time. Rocks which appear to be more dioritic in composition appear purple on the imagery, while rocks more granitic in composition appear shades of red and pink. Areas that have more than 40% vegetative cover appear green on the imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 71-73
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  • 7
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    Digital data from shuttle photography: The effects of platform variables (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Two major criticisms of using Shuttle hand held photography as an Earth science sensor are that it is nondigital, nonquantitative and that it has inconsistent platform characteristics, e.g., variable look angles, especially as compared to remote sensing satellites such as LANDSAT and SPOT. However, these criticisms are assumptions and have not been systematically investigated. The spectral effects of off-nadir views of hand held photography from the Shuttle and their role in interpretation of lava flow morphology on the island of Hawaii are studied. Digitization of photography at JSC and use of LIPS image analysis software in obtaining data is discussed. Preliminary interpretative results of one flow are given. Most of the time was spent in developing procedures and overcoming equipment problems. Preliminary data are satisfactory for detailed analysis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B.; NASA. Lyndon B. John
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  • 8
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    Effects of aerosols and surface shadowing on bidirectional reflectance measurements of deserts (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Desert surfaces are probably one of the most stable of the Earth's natural targets for remote sensing. The bidirectional reflectance properties of the Saudi Arabian desert was investigated during the Summer Monsoon Experiment (Summer Monex). A comparison of high-altitude with near-surface measurements of the White Sands desert showed significant differences. These discrepancies have been attributed to forward scattering of the dust-laden atmosphere prevalent during Summer Monex. This paper is concerned in general with modeling the effects of atmospheric aerosols and surface shadowing on the remote sensing of bidirectional reflectance factors of desert targets, and in particular with comparing the results of these models with flight results. Although it is possible to approximate the latter, it is felt that a surface reflectance model with a smaller specular component would have permitted using a more realistic set of atmospheric conditions in the simulations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TP-2756 , L-16327 , NAS 1.60:2756
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  • 9
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    LANDSAT-D investigations in snow hydrology (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Work undertaken during the contract and its results are described. Many of the results from this investigation are available in journal or conference proceedings literature - published, accepted for publication, or submitted for publication. For these the reference and the abstract are given. Those results that have not yet been submitted separately for publication are described in detail. Accomplishments during the contract period are summarized as follows: (1) analysis of the snow reflectance characteristics of the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper, including spectral suitability, dynamic range, and spectral resolution; (2) development of a variety of atmospheric models for use with LANDSAT Thematic Mapper data. These include a simple but fast two-stream approximation for inhomogeneous atmospheres over irregular surfaces, and a doubling model for calculation of the angular distribution of spectral radiance at any level in an plane-parallel atmosphere; (3) incorporation of digital elevation data into the atmospheric models and into the analysis of the satellite data; and (4) textural analysis of the spatial distribution of snow cover.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E86-10007 , NASA-CR-176379 , NAS 1.26:176379
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  • 10
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    Spectral reflectances of natural targets for use in remote sensing studies (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A collection of spectral reflectances of 156 natural targets is presented in a uniform format. For each target both a graphical plot and a digital tabulation of reflectance is given. The data were taken from the literature and include laboratory, field, and aircraft measurements. A discussion of the different measurements of reflectance is given, along with the changes in apparent reflectance when targets are viewed through the atmosphere. The salient features of the reflectance curves of common target types are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-RP-1139 , L-15920 , NAS 1.61:1139
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