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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (10)
  • Astronomy  (1)
  • 1
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    Direct and indirect methods for correcting the aerosol effect on remote sensing (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Aspects of aerosol studies and remote sensing are reviewed. Aerosol scatters solar radiation before it reaches the surface and scatters and absorbs it again after it is reflected from the surface and before it reaches the satellite sensor. The effect is spectrally and spatially dependent. Therefore atmospheric aerosol (dust, smoke and air pollution particles) has a significant effect on remote sensing. Correction for the aerosol effect was never achieved on an operational basis though several case studies were demonstrated. Correction can be done in a direct way by deriving the aerosol loading from the image itself and correcting for it using the appropriate radiative transfer model or by an indirect way, by defining remote sensing functions that are less dependent on the aerosol loading. To some degree this was already achieved in global remote sensing of vegetation where a composite of several days of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) measurements, choosing the maximal value, was used instead of a single cloud screened value. The Atmospheric Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI) introduced recently for the NASA Earth Observing System EOS-MODIS is the most appropriate example of indirect correction, where the index is defined in such a way that the atmospheric effect in the blue spectral channel cancels to a large degree the atmospheric in the red channel in computations of a vegetation index. Atmospheric corrections can also use aerosol climatology and ground based instrumentation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CNES, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 7-19
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  • 2
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    Calibration of the AVHRR visible and near IR channels using radiances measured over remote ocean areas (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An inflight absolute calibration method has been adapted and applied to channel 1 of the AVHRR. The approach is based on AVHRR observations in channels 1, 2 and 4. A rigorous cloud screening is performed, based on the homogeneity of the data in channel 1 and 2 and on the temperature in channel 4. In a combined approach, the off-nadir view satellite count in channel 2 is used to detect the aerosol optical thickness and loading and the count of channel 1 is used to calibrate this channel, based on the predictable Rayleigh scattering component. Water vapor data are used, and the channels are intercalibrated using the ratio between channels 1 and 2 over the glint region.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 9-11.
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  • 3
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    Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI) for EOS-MODIS (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: ARVI, which is here proposed as a tool for the remote sensing of vegetation by the EOS MODIS sensor, takes advantage of the presence of the blue channel in MODIS, together with the red and near-IR channels composing the normalized-difference vegetation index (NDVI). Unlike the NDVI, ARVI resists atmospheric effects via a self-correction process for the effects of the atmosphere on the red channel. ARVI is presently shown to have a dynamic range similar to NDVI's, but is on average less sensitive to atmospheric effects by a factor of 4. A single combination of the blue and red channels in the ARVI may be used in all or most remote-sensing applications.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 30; 2, Ma
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  • 4
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    Remote sensing of water vapor in the near IR from EOS/MODIS (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Consideration is given to the selection of spectral channels in the near-infrared IR which are to be employed for the derivation of total column water vapor using the MODIS instrument on the NASA's Earth Observing System. Data obtained show that the three near-IR water vapor channels on the MODIS instrument enable remote sensing of the total column water vapor with an absolute accuracy of +/- 13 percent. An absolute accuracy of +/-7 percent can be obtained if additional MODIS channels are used to decrease the effect of uncertainty in the spectral reflectance of the surface, subpixel clouds, haze, and temperature profile on the derived water vapor.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 30; 5; p. 871-884.
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  • 5
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    Atmospheric correction algorithm for NOAA-AVHRR products - Theory and application (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The present evaluation of the effects of atmospheric constituents on NOAA AVHRR visible and near-IR data first gives attention to the general remote sensing equation and then addresses the magnitude of the atmospheric effects for AVHRR solar bands with respect to their impact on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the surface bidirectional reflectance. Possible approaches to the acquisition of atmospheric data are then considered, and examples of atmospheric correction of surface reflectance and NDVI are discussed. The correction of the aerosol effect is essential in the case of NDVI study of densely vegetated areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 30; 2, Ma
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  • 6
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    The effect of subpixel clouds on remote sensing (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A method for estimating the cloud effect on remote sensing is described, and it is applied to cloudiness in several climatological conditions. The algorithm is based on the Haurwitz (1948) measurements of the cloud layer transmission of solar radiation for an overcast sky and on an empirical interpolation of data for broken cloudiness by Pochop et al. (1968). Radiances for a sunny area observed directly from space and through a cloud, and for a shady area observed from space and through a cloud are computed. Methods for detecting the cloud effect from satellite images are discussed. The relation between cloud reflectance and cloud size is studied. It is observed that the subpixel clouds affect the detected radiance and vegetation index, and the effect depends on the cloud types and the dependence of the cloud transmissivity on cloud fraction. Procedures for decreasing or eliminating cloud effect are examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 8; 839-857
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  • 7
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    Atmospheric effect on spectral signature - Measurements (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In order to study the spectral atmospheric effect on remote sensing, measurements of the spectral signature of surface cover were conducted during hazy conditions. Simultaneous measurements of the aerosol optical thickness and its vertical distribution were carried out. The upward radiance in high flight were also simulated by radiative transfer computations, and the results were compared with the measurements. It is suggested that the radiances over dark areas can be used to derive the aerosol optical thickness. Combined with climatological information, the derived optical thickness can be used to perform corrections of the atmospheric effect.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1
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  • 8
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    Atmospheric effect on spectral signature - Measurements and corrections (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements of the atmospheric effect on the spectral signature of surface cover were conducted during hazy conditions over the Chesapeake Bay and its eastern shore. In the experiment the upward radiance was measured by an airborne scanning radiometer in nine spectral bands between 465 and 773 nm, above and below the haze layer. Simultaneous measurements of the aerosol optical thickness and its vertical distribution were conducted. The results of the measurements are used to study the spectral dependence of the atmospheric effect on remote sensing of water bodies and vegetated fields (forest, corn field, and pasture), and to verify theoretical predictions. It is suggested that the radiances over dark areas (e.g., water in the near IR and forest in the visible) can be used to derive the aerosol optical thickness as is done over oceans with the CZCS satellite images. Combined with climatological information, the derived optical thickness can be used to perform corrections of the atmospheric effect. Examples of the derivation of the aerosol optical thickness and correction of the upward radiances are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 26; 441-450
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  • 9
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    Algorithm for automatic atmospheric corrections to visible and near-IR satellite imagery (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An algorithm for automatic atmospheric correction of satellite imagery of the earth's surface is proposed which is applicable to low-resolution and high-resolution imagery of land areas. The algorithm is based on the satellite image being corrected and on the climatology of the area, and it requires that some pixels in the image correspond to dense dark vegetation as the surface cover. The algorithm is sensitive to the assumed reflectance of the dense dark vegetation, and the accuracy of the corrected surface reflectance is expected to be + or - 0.01. Using the method, aerosol optical thicknesses were derived from clear and hazy Landsat MSS images in the Washington, D.C. and Chesapeake Bay region, and the results are found to agree well with simultaneous sunphotometer ground measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 9; 1357-138
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  • 10
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    The Earth Observing System Terra Mission (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Langley's remarkable solar and lunar spectra collected from Mt. Whitney inspired Arrhenius to develop the first quantitative climate model in 1896. After the launch in Dec. 16 1999, NASA's Earth Observing AM Satellite (EOS-Terra) will repeat Langley's experiment, but for the entire planet, thus pioneering a wide array of calibrated spectral observations from space of the Earth System. Conceived in response to real environmental problems, EOS-Terra, in conjunction with other international satellite efforts, will fill a major gap in current efforts by providing quantitative global data sets with a resolution smaller than 1 km on the physical, chemical and biological elements of the earth system. Thus, like Langley's data, EOS-Terra can revolutionize climate research by inspiring a new generation of climate system models and enable us to assess the human impact on the environment. In the talk I shall review the historical perspective of the Terra mission and the key new elements of the mission. We expect to have some first images that demonstrate the most innovative capability from EOS Terra: MODIS - 1.37 microns cirrus channel; 250 m daily cover for clouds and vegetation change; 7 solar channels for land and aerosol; new fire channels; Chlorophyll fluorescence; MISR - 9 multi angle views of clouds and vegetation; MOPITT - Global CO maps and CH4 maps; ASTER - Thermal channels for geological studies with 15-90 m resolution.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Geoscience and Remote Sensing; Jul 24, 2000 - Jul 28, 2000; Honolulu, HI; United States
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