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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (46)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (19)
  • 1975-1979  (65)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Existing and proposed methods for soil moisture determination are discussed. These include: (1) in situ investigations including gravimetric, nuclear, and electromagnetic techniques; (2) remote sensing approaches that use the reflected solar, thermal infrared, and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum; and (3) soil physics models that track the behavior of water in the soil in response to meteorological inputs (precipitation) and demands (evapotranspiration). The capacities of these approaches to satisfy various user needs for soil moisture information vary from application to application, but a conceptual scheme for merging these approaches into integrated systems to provide soil moisture information is proposed that has the potential for meeting various application requirements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-80658 , Pecora Symp.; Jun 01, 1979; Sioux Falls, SD; United States
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments carried out on an Avondale loam soil indicated that the thermal inertia concept of soil water content detection is reasonably sound. The volumetric water contents of surface soil layers between 2 and 4 cm thick were found to be linear functions of the amplitude of the diurnal surface soil temperature wave for clear day-night periods. They were also found to be linear functions of the daily maximum value of the surface soil-air-temperature differential. Tests on three additional soils ranging from sandy loam to clay indicated that the relations determined for Avondale loam could not be accurately applied to these other soil types. When the moisture characteristic curves of each soil were used to transform water contents into pressure potentials, however, it was found that soil water pressure potential could be determined without prior knowledge of soil type, and thus its value as a potential soil water status survey tool was significantly enhanced.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; July 20
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The CAMAC and NIM instrumentation systems were developed originally to serve the needs of nuclear research institutions in Europe and North America. CAMAC and NIM are currently considered in several studies at the systems level conducted by NASA and ESRO groups. NIM and CAMAC studies for applications related to the space shuttle are discussed along with the advantages provided by aspects of modularization and standardization, a use of NIM and CAMAC equipment in connection with a group of astrophysics experiments, and questions of cost effectiveness.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of surface roughness on the brightness temperature of a moist terrain has been studied through the modification of Fresnel reflection coefficient and using the radiative transfer equation. The modification involves introduction of a single parameter to characterize the roughness. It is shown that this parameter depends on both the surface height variance and the horizontal scale of the roughness. Model calculations are in good quantitative agreement with the observed dependence of the brightness temperature on the moisture content in the surface layer. Data from truck mounted and airborne radiometers are presented for comparison. The results indicate that the roughness effects are great for wet soils where the difference between smooth and rough surfaces can be as great as 50 K.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Sept. 20
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The unique dielectric properties of water at microwave wavelengths afford the possibility for remotely sensing the moisture content in the surface layer of the soil. The surface emissivity and reflectivity for the soils at these wavelengths are strong functions of its moisture content. The changes in emissivity can be observed by passive microwave techniques (radiometry) and the change in reflectivity can be observed by active microwave techniques (radar). The difference in the natural terrestrial gamma ray flux measured for wet and dry soil may be used to determine soil moisture. The presence of water moisture in the soil causes an effective increase in soil density, resulting in an increased attenuation of the gamma flux for wet soil and a corresponding lower flux above the ground surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 37 p
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Army Eng. Topographic Labs. Workshop for Environmental Applications of Multispectral Imagery; p 140-155
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The utilization of the Lixiscope in pediatrics was investigated. The types of images that can presently be obtained are discussed along with the problems encountered. Speculative applications for the Lixiscope are also presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 51-59
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A high-resolution 0.4-m monochromator is described for use in wavelength diagnosis of tunable pulsed and CW laser sources in the 3000-10,000-A region. The f/20 design uses an echelle grating in an over-and-under Ebert configuration with a scanned photodiode array to provide a real-time multichannel display of spectral output. Absolute wavelength may be determined to 0.1 A with the monochromator, and a Fabry-Perot interferometer attachment extends linewidth measurement capability to 0.01 A or better. Spectra are displayed on a storage oscilloscope, and calculation of laser parameters is explained. The instrument measures 70 cm long x 15 cm wide x 20 cm high.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Dec. 15
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  • 9
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental technique for the measurement of post-shock temperatures in minerals is presented, and silicate post-shock temperature measurements are compared with theoretical calculations. The technique involves the use of infrared detectors to determine the brightness temperatures at 4.5 to 5.75 microns and 7 to 14 microns of samples shocked to between 5 and 30 GPa. Results obtained for aluminum 2024 and stainless steel 304, as well as for Bamble bronzite and synthetic crystal forsterite are found at low pressures to be considerably in excess of the temperatures predicted assuming a hydrodynamic rheology and isentropic release parallel to the Hugoniot. The results are shown to be in better agreement, however, with values calculated assuming elastoplastic behavior, and the post-shock temperatures of crystalline quartz are found to be in good agreement with those calculated by Mashimo et al. (1979) from release adiabat data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Journal; 58; 1979
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The pressure modulator technique was evaluated for monitoring pollutant gases in the Earth's atmosphere of altitude levels corresponding to the mid and lower troposphere. Using an experimental set up and a 110 cm sample cell, pressure modulator output signals resulting from a range of gas concentrations in the sample cell were examined. Then a 20 cm sample cell was modified so that trace gas properties in the atmosphere could be simulated in the laboratory. These gas properties were measured using an infrared sensor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-159175
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