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  • 1
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    Designing a solution to enable agency-academic scientific collaboration for disasters (2017)
    Ecology and Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ecology and Society 22 (2017): 18, doi:10.5751/ES-09246-220218.
    Description: As large-scale environmental disasters become increasingly frequent and more severe globally, people and organizations that prepare for and respond to these crises need efficient and effective ways to integrate sound science into their decision making. Experience has shown that integrating nongovernmental scientific expertise into disaster decision making can improve the quality of the response, and is most effective if the integration occurs before, during, and after a crisis, not just during a crisis. However, collaboration between academic, government, and industry scientists, decision makers, and responders is frequently difficult because of cultural differences, misaligned incentives, time pressures, and legal constraints. Our study addressed this challenge by using the Deep Change Method, a design methodology developed by Stanford ChangeLabs, which combines human-centered design, systems analysis, and behavioral psychology. We investigated underlying needs and motivations of government agency staff and academic scientists, mapped the root causes underlying the relationship failures between these two communities based on their experiences, and identified leverage points for shifting deeply rooted perceptions that impede collaboration. We found that building trust and creating mutual value between multiple stakeholders before crises occur is likely to increase the effectiveness of problem solving. We propose a solution, the Science Action Network, which is designed to address barriers to scientific collaboration by providing new mechanisms to build and improve trust and communication between government administrators and scientists, industry representatives, and academic scientists. The Science Action Network has the potential to ensure cross-disaster preparedness and science-based decision making through novel partnerships and scientific coordination.
    Description: The authors thank the David and Lucile Packard Foundation for a grant to undertake this project and enable participation of a wide range of participants and interviewees. We thank the Center for Ocean Solutions and ChangeLabs for their oversight and support.
    Keywords: Deepwater Horizon ; Disaster response ; Human-centered design ; Scientific collaboration ; Systems analysis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Floating oil-covered debris from Deepwater Horizon : identification and application (2012)
    IOP Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IOP Publishing, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of IOP Publishing. Re-use is limited to non-commercial purposes. The definitive version was published in Environmental Research Letters 7 (2012): 015301, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015301.
    Description: The discovery of oiled and non-oiled honeycomb material in the Gulf of Mexico surface waters and along coastal beaches shortly after the explosion of Deepwater Horizon sparked debate about its origin and the oil covering it. We show that the unknown pieces of oiled and non-oiled honeycomb material collected in the Gulf of Mexico were pieces of the riser pipe buoyancy module of Deepwater Horizon. Biomarker ratios confirmed that the oil had originated from the Macondo oil well and had undergone significant weathering. Using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's records of the oil spill trajectory at the sea surface, we show that the honeycomb material preceded the front edge of the uncertainty of the oil slick trajectory by several kilometers. We conclude that the observation of debris fields deriving from damaged marine materials may be incorporated into emergency response efforts and forecasting of coastal impacts during future offshore oil spills, and ground truthing predicative models.
    Description: This research was supported by NSF grant OCE-1043976 to CR.
    Keywords: Deepwater Horizon ; Macondo well ; Gulf of Mexico ; Oil spill ; Floating debris
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Oxygen isotopes (delta O-18) trace photochemical hydrocarbon oxidation at the sea surface (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 46(12), (2019): 6745-6754, doi:10.1029/2019GL082867.
    Description: Although photochemical oxidation is an environmental process that drives organic carbon (OC) cycling, its quantitative detection remains analytically challenging. Here, we use samples from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to test the hypothesis that the stable oxygen isotope composition of oil (δ18OOil) is a sensitive marker for photochemical oxidation. In less than one‐week, δ18OOil increased from −0.6 to 7.2‰, a shift representing ~25% of the δ18OOC dynamic range observed in nature. By accounting for different oxygen sources (H2O or O2) and kinetic isotopic fractionation of photochemically incorporated O2, which was −9‰ for a wide range of OC sources, a mass balance was established for the surface oil's elemental oxygen content and δ18O. This δ18O‐based approach provides novel insights into the sources and pathways of hydrocarbon photo‐oxidation, thereby improving our understanding of the fate and transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in sunlit waters, and our capacity to respond effectively to future spills.
    Description: We thank Robert Ricker and Greg Baker (NOAA) for helping secure the oil residues, James Payne (Payne Environmental Consultants, Inc.) for collecting many of the surface oil residues, Joy Matthews (UC Davis) for exceptional assistance in preparing and analyzing the oil residues for oxygen content and isotopes, Hank Levi and Art Gatenby at CSC Scientific Company for assistance with the water content measurements, Robyn Comny (US EPA) for providing the Alaska North Slope oil, and Rose Cory (UMich) for discussions about our findings. Special thanks to John Hayes who provided constructive feedback on a preliminary version of this dataset prior to his passing in February of 2017. We thank Alex Sessions (CalTech) for his constructive feedback during the review process. This work was supported, in part, by National Science Foundation grants RAPID OCE‐1043976 (CMR), OCE‐1333148 (CMR), OCE‐1333026 (CMS), OCE‐1333162 (DLV), OCE‐1841092 (CPW), NASA NESSF NNX15AR62H (KMS), the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative grants ‐ 015, SA 16‐30, and DEEP‐C consortium, a fellowship through the Hansewissenschaftskolleg (Institute for Advanced Studies) to SDW, and assistant scientist salary support from the Frank and Lisina Hoch Endowed Fund (CPW).
    Description: 2019-11-30
    Keywords: Petroleum hydrocarbons ; Photochemical oxidation ; Deepwater Horizon ; Stable oxygen isotopes ; Organic carbon
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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