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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of solid state electrochemistry 1 (1997), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 1433-0768
    Keywords: Key words Prussian blue ; Ammonium ; Voltammetry ; Flow-through ; Kjeldahl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new method is described for the determination of ammonium in aqueous solutions with electrodes modified by Prussian blue (PB). The specific voltammetric response of PB-modified electrodes to ammonium ions is used for their analytical determination. In the presence of ammonium ions, a concentration-dependent inhibition of the low-spin iron(II/III) system of PB occurs. Only thallium and rubidium ions cause similar inhibition. A useful electrochemical determination method is thus available for detecting ammonium ions in the presence of frequently interfering potassium and sodium ions. Paraffin-impregnated graphite electrodes modified with a mechanically transferred PB layer and bulk-modified PB-composite electrodes are studied. The method is applicable within a concentration range which extends from 4 × 10−5 mol/l to 10−2 mol/l NH4 +. The composite electrode is used in an electrochemical flow-through system in conjunction with the Kjeldahl method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleation ; Crystal formation ; Organic matrix ; Active centres of nucleation ; Dentine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von neu gebildetem, gefriergetrocknetem Dentin in Rattenschneidezähnen und von alkohol- und formol-fixiertem, reifem menschlichen Dentin wurden Ultradünnschnitte bei Vergrößerungen 20 000∶1 und 40 000∶1 in Fokusreihen aufgenommen.Die gut fokussierten Aufnahmen des Ratten-Dentins wurden auf nichtschrumpfendem Photopapier und Diafilm-Material 20 0000∶1 nachvergrößert. Mit einem Meßmikroskop wurden 507 Abstände zwischen den punktförmigen Keimen in den Ca-Phosphat-Nadeln und -Ketten sowie 536 Seitenabstände zwischen dicht zusammenliegenden, parallel verlaufenden Nadeln und Ketten bestimmt. Außerdem konnten in beiden Dentin-Arten die am häufigsten auftretenden Abstände beider Abstandsarten durch Anwendung der Laserbeugung auf die bei 20 000∶1 aufgenommenen Filme erhalten werden. Die morphologisch bestimmten Punktkeimabstände und die Seitenabstände lagen vor allem im Bereich von 37–63 Å, die durch Laserbeugung erhaltenen Werte für das neugebildete Dentin im Bereich von 30–52 Å, während sie beim reifen menschlichen Dentin noch bis zu Werten um 65 Å reichten. Wie bei Höhling u. Mitarb. (1970) wurden die Punktkeimabstände als Abstände zwischen den akiven, keiminduzierenden Zentren auf einer kettenartigen Matrix diskutiert. Aus der Morphologie der Keime wurde ferner geschlossen, daß sich hier die blättchenförmigen Kristallite im allgemeinen durch Zusammenwachsen von Nadeln bilden, wenn diese dicht und parallel zusammenliegen.
    Notes: Summary The growing ends of rat incisors were freeze-dried and embedded in methacrylate without contact with any other solution. Dentine from alcohol and formalin fixed human teeth was also embedded in methacrylate. Ultrathin sections were prepared and electron micrographs taken at original magnifications of X20 000 and X40 000. The best focussed pictures from through focus series were selected for photographic enlargement to a total of X200 000. 507 measurements of the distance between dot-like nuclei in the calcium phosphate needles and chains and 536 measurements of the distance between the neighbouring parallel chains and needles were made using a measuring microscope. In addition, the most commonly occurring separation distances between the dot-like nuclei — within individual rows or between neighbouring rows—were measured by laser diffraction of the x20 000 EM negatives. The most commonly occurring range for the distance between the dot-like nuclei and the lateral distance between the rows as determined morphologically was 3.7–6.3 nm. The corresponding value as determined by laser diffraction for the recently formed rat incisor dentine lay in the region 3.0–5.2 nm, whereas the same value reached to 6.5 nm in the case of mature human dentine. The distances between the dot-like nuclei are regarded as representing the distances between active nucleus-inducing centres on a chain-like matrix. From a study of the morphology of the nuclei it is concluded that the plate-like crystallites usually arise through fusion of needle-like rows of dot-like nuclei when these lie close and parallel to one another.
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