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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 57 (1995), S. 106-118 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Benthos ; fish ; vertical distribution ; predation risk ; selective fishing ; Lake Constance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To compare the vertical distributions of benthos and fish species of Upper Lake Constance (Bodensee), 552 benthos samples were taken with an Auerbach grab at four transects (10–250 m). An additional 54 samples (1–10 m) were collected elsewhere. Complementary data was taken from the literature. In winter, most fish feed on benthos, mainly chironomids, but in summer less than 5% do so. Formerly the bottom gill-netting aimed mainly at catchingCoregonus pidschian, but it now aims atPerca fluviatilis. Contrary to expectation, in winter the greatest abundance ofP. fluviatilis is much deeper (55 m) than that of its preferred food, i.e. chironomids (〈20 m). Comparably,C. pidschian also stayed deeper than its main food source (chironomids and mollusks).Lota lota, Salvelinus profundus andS. alpinus — unlike the unwanted cyprinids — also stay or stayed deeper than the attractive chironomids. It is argued that the fish reduce their “predation risk”, i.e. the risk of being gillnetted in the upper 50 m, by “selecting” the deeper less dangerous, but also less food-abundant habitat. Balancing predation risk against food abundance may have led to “survival of the deepest”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Dihetero[2.2]orthometacyclophane ; Dynamic NMR spectroscopy ; Conformational analysis ; Ring interconversion of 9-membered ring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die N,N′-Ditosyl-diaza[2.2]orthometacyclophane5a, b wurden aus N,N-Ditosylmetaphenylendiamin durch Umsetzung mit (Z)-1,4-Dichlorbuten bzw. 1,2-Bisbrommethylbenzol gewonnen. Tieftemperatur-NMR-Untersuchungen ergaben, daß5b als 1:1 Mischung einer Sessel- und einer Bootkonformation des gespanntenE,Z-Diazanonadienringes vorliegt. Bei Raumtemperatur ist die zugehörige Ringinversion schnell in der NMR-Zeitskala, die entsprechenden Protonen in beiden Konformeren, auch die aller CH2-Brückenprotonen, ergeben gemittelte Signale. Bei tiefen Temperaturen wird zunächst die Inversion der Methylenbrücken eingefroren (Signale für zweiexo- und zweiendo-CH2-Protonen werden erhalten, ΔG ≠ ca. 52 kJ mol−1). Bei weiterer Temperatursenkung können nach Einfrieren eines zweiten dynamischen Prozesses Sessel- und Bootkonformer anhand von getrennten Signalsätzen identifiziert werden (die freie Aktivierungsenthalpie für den zugehörigen Sessel-Boot-Flip beträgt ΔG ≠ ca. 43.5 kJ mol−1). Die Zuordnung der1H- und13C-NMR-Resonanzen wurde mit Hilfe von zweidimensionalen NMR-Experimenten gesichert.
    Notes: Summary The N,N′-ditosyl-diaza[2.2]orthometacyclophanes5a, b were synthesized from N,N-ditosyl-metaphenylenediamine by reaction with (Z)-1,4-dichlorobutene and 1,2-bis-bromomethylbenzene, respectively. Low temperature NMR studies showed that the compound5b exists as a 1:1 mixture of chair and boat form of the strained (E,Z)-diazanonadiene ring. At room temperature all corresponding resonances are averaged on the NMR time scale (including all four ethylene bridge protons). Going to lower temperatures, in a first step the methylene bridge inversion is frozen (giving twoexo H and twoendo H, ΔG ≠ ca. 52kJmol−1). In a second step the chair and boat form can be observed separately (ΔG ≠ ca. 43.5 kJ mol−1 for the chair/boat flip). The assignments were confirmed by 2D NMR experiments.
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