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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 619-626 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The importance of the starting point, the size of initial search region, and the search region reduction rate is examined with respect to the reliability of different direct search optimization procedures in being able to furnish the global optimum for nonunimodal systems. Although, in general, the reliability of an optimization procedure is problem dependent, it is nevertheless clear that reliability cannot be increased simply by selecting larger search regions or by reducing the rate of contraction of the search region. A more efficient means of increasing reliability is to embody a pseudo one-dimensional search in the optimization procedure to enable the search to leave a local optimum and proceed to a better optimum.
    Additional Material: 16 Tab.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 38 (1992), S. 297-301 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas-solids circulating fluidized beds have been successfully used in catalytic cracking of heavy oil, coal combustion, and some metallurgical and physical processes (Grace, 1990). Gas-liquid-solids fluidized beds are operated mainly in conventional fluidization regimes without solids circulation or in the transport regime with low solids holdups (less than 5%) (Fan, 1989). A circulating/fast fluidization regime, however, has not been studied. A three-phase circulating fluidized bed has several potential applications in biochemical and chemical processes. Three-phase fluidized-bed bioreactors generally use light and small particles (Berk et al., 1984). Circulating operation can promote solids mixing and increase product throughput per unit bed cross section, while high shear stress can promote biofilm renewal (Pirozzi et al., 1990). In three-phase hydrotreating reactors, solids catalysts lose their activity due to the deposit of metal and coke on the surface. Circulating operation not only regenerates deactivated catalyst continuously using accompanying downcomers but also transfers heat to and from the reactor. This article discusses the flow regimes of the three-phase circulating fluidized bed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1392-1400 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Baffle effects on the performance of a catalytic circulating fluidized bed reactor were examined experimentally. The circulating fluidized bed reactor or riser was 102 mm in diameter and 6.32 m in height. Reaction was the catalytic decomposition of ozone using FCC particles with a mean diameter of 89 μm, impregnated with ferric oxide as catalysts. Four ring-type baffles, mounted horizontally around the riser wall, were used in this study. Ozone concentrations were measured in both axial and radial directions under various operating conditions in a riser with and without baffles. Experimental results showed that in a riser with baffles, the ozone concentration in the radial direction was more uniform and the ozone conversion was higher than that in a riser without baffles except at the lowest gas velocity used. A mathematical model developed accounted for the gas-phase ozone conversion under various operating conditions. The gas-solid contact efficiency in the riser was discussed in light of the model.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 39 (1993), S. 1272-1280 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An instability analysis has been carried out to elucidate the unsteady flow conditions encountered in the typical circulating fluidized bed units in light of the conveyor-solids feeder interaction. The results successfully predict the critical velocity and the maximum solids circulation rates reported in the literature and explain the origin of such unstable conditions. Furthermore, the simulation, for the first time, reveals the importance of unit structure in improving the performance of circulating fluidized bed systems. Finally, the concept of a high-density circulating fluidized bed is proposed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 193-206 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A systematic study conducted explores the hydrodynamics of a circulating fluidized bed with polymeric particles employing polyethylene resins with a particle density of 660 kg/m3 and size ranging from 90 to 500 μm. The study indicates that polyethylene resins can be fluidized smoothly in the fast fluidization regime. However, the operating range of the fast fluidization regime for these particles is smaller than that for FCC particles. The deviation of the fluidization behavior of polyethylene particles from that of common Group-A particles is explained considering the interparticle forces. Experiments with fine polyethylene particles are also conducted with coarse particles added in a circulating fluidized bed. Axial profiles of solid holdups in a bed with and without coarse particles, as well as overall fine particle holdup, are studied. The results show a significantly wider operating range of the fast fluidization regime and enhancement of fine particle holdups in a bed with the presence of coarse particles. For comparison, fluidization with FCC particles is also conducted. A mechanistic model considering particle-particle collision is proposed. The model accounts for the momentum exchange rate between a coarse particle and a cloud of fine particles, which explains the enhancement of fine particle holdups observed experimentally.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Rapid Communications 15 (1994), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1022-1336
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oxindole 11, obtained on 3-[2′-(dimethylamino)ethyl]alkylation of oxindole 12, yielded, on stereoselective reduction with sodium dihydridobis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminate, aminoalcohol 8 (Scheme 2). The quaternary methiodide 10, obtained from 8 with MeI, gave, in nucleophilic displacements concurring with a Hofmann elimination, (±)-esermethole 6, (±)-5-O-methylphysovenol (14), (±)-5-O-methyl-1-thiaphysovenol (15), and (±)-1-benzyl-1-demethylesermethole (16). Syntheses of (±)-1-benzyl-1-demethylphenserine (18), (±)-1-demethylphenserine (19), and (±)-phenserine (4) from 6 and 16 are described. Optically active 8a and 8b, obtained by chemical resolution, similarly gave the enantiomers 6a and 14a-16a of the (3aS)-series (prepared earlier from physostigmine (1a)) and their (3R)-enantiomers. The anticholinesterase activity of (±)-4, (±)-18, and (±)-19 was compared with that of their optically active enantiomers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 1357-1361 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 38 (1995), S. 205-209 
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: unsaturated polyester ; polyurethane ; hybrid polymer network ; impact strength ; phase separation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phase behavior of a hybrid polymer network (HPN) composed of poly[(propylene glycol maleate)-co-(propylene glycol phthalate)] crosslinked with styrene and polyester-urethane crosslinked with methylene-bis-ortho-chloroaniline was examined. The correlation between phase separation and impact strength of the HPNs is discussed. The composition of HPNs has an effect on their properties.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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