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  • Chemistry  (23)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct contact heat transfer between immiscible liquids in turbulent pipe flow (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reports on an experimental study of the direct contact heat transfer between oil and water in turbulent pipe flow under nonboiling conditions. Data were taken by a new technique, namely, monitoring on a very fast response recorder the output of a small thermocouple placed in the two-phase flow. The variables studied were the liquid velocity, the pipe diameter, the water volume fraction, and, to a lesser degree, the interfacial tension and the oil viscosity. A successful semiempirical method of correlating the data is also presented.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140126
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of concentration level of the nondiffusing species in turbulent gas phase mass transfer at ordinary mass transfer rates (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 577-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical solutions to the diffusion-convection equations are obtained with a digital computer to establish the role of concentration level of the nondiffusing species in nonequivolume diffusion in fully developed turbulent flow of gases in pipes. Results indicate that under ordinary mass transfer rates for a system at constant Schmidt and Reynolds numbers product of the gas-phase mass transfer coefficient and the log mean partial pressure of the nondiffusing gas is nearly constant both in the mass transfer entry region and in the fully developed region. These results are compared with the experimental data on vaporization and absorption processes.We show that the effect of the mass transfer section length on the rate of turbulent mass transfer is quite significant. Furthermore, the results of the diffusion - convection analysis are in better agreement with experimental data for sections of finite length than results calculated from the momentum-mass transfer analogy. The two methods agree in the limit for tubes of infinite length.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140408
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous measurement of interfacial area and mass transfer coefficients for a well - mixed gas dispersion in aqueous electrolyte solutions (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new measuring technique involving concurrent chemical absorption of carbon dioxide and desorption of oxygen is developed for simultaneously evaluating the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient kL and the specific area a of sparingly-soluble gas dispersions in stirred tanks containing an aqueous solution of inorganic electrolytes. The method ensures that kL and a are evaluated under consistent hydrodynamic conditions.Results from three different nonviscous systems show that at high agitation power, such that the average bubble diameter is between 0.2 and 2 mm, kL decreases with increasing power input and is dependent on the bubble diameter. This behavior is in contrast to the results of others at lower agitation levels or in nonelectrolytic liquids, but in general agreement with previous results for bubbles of the same diameter range produced in viscous, nonelectrolytic solutions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690200212
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of cellulosic materials through enzymatic hydrolysis. I. Fermentation of hydrolysate to ethanol and single-cell protein (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1297-1313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ethanol fermentation studies were conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC #4126, to determine the optimal conditions of oxygen tension and feed sugar concentration. In long-term continuous culture maximum ethanol production was found to occur at 0.07 mmHg oxygen tension and 10% glucose feed concentration. Preliminary process design and cost studies are developed for industrial scale fermentations to produce ethanol and torula yeast from sugars obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of newsprint.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260180908
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of cellulosic materials through enzymatic hydrolysis. II. Preliminary assessment of an integrated processing scheme (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1315-1323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An integrated processing scheme is described for the conversion of a cellulosic waste (newsprint) to sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis and then to ethanol and yeast by fermentation. The unconverted solids are burned to produce process energy requirements and surplus electrical power. Preliminary designs and cost studies are developed to provide a rough perspective on the potential economic feasibility of this method of cellulose utilization.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260180909
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computation of the fraction of induced cells in enzyme induction systems (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 445-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model is developed for continuous multistage enzyme production systems, which consist of a growth fermentor used for growing microorganisms rapidly without enzyme production and a subsequent system of induction reactors in which enzymes induction and production occurs. The model allows the computation of the fraction of induced cells residing in the induction reactor for organisms exhibiting a lag phase in enzyme induction. For this model a general analytical solution was obtained for the cumulative internal residence time distribution of a series of n well-stirred vessels with a recycle. The theoretical results are compared in a preliminary way with experimentally measured cellulase productivities of continuous multistage cellulose fermentations with Trichoderma viride QM 9414.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190402
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid ethanol fermentations using vacuum and cell recycle (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 1125-1143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell recycle and vacuum fermentation systems were developed for continuous ethanol production. Cell recycle was employed in both atmospheric pressure and vacuum fermentations to achieve high cell densities and rapid ethanol fermentation rates. Studies were conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC No. 4126) at a fermentation temperature of 35°C. Employing a 10% glucose feed, a cell density of 50 g dry wt/liter was obtained in atmospheric-cell recycle fermentations which produced a fermentor ethanol productivity of 29.0 g/liter-hr. The vacuum fermentor eliminated ethanol inhibition by boiling away ethanol from the fermenting beer as it was formed. This permitted the rapid and complete fermentation of concentrated sugar solutions. At a total pressure of 50 mmHg and using a 33.4% glucose feed, ethanol productivities of 82 and 40 g/liter-hr were achieved with the vacuum system with and without cell recycle, respectively. Fermentor ethanol productivities were thus increased as much as twelvefold over conventional continuous fermentations. In order to maintain a viable yeast culture in the vacuum fermentor, a bleed of fermented broth had to be continuously withdrawn to remove nonvolatile compounds. It was also necessary to sparge the vacuum fermentor with pure oxygen to satisfy the trace oxygen requirement of the fermenting yeast.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190804
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rotorfermentor. I. Description of the apparatus, power requirements, and mass transfer characteristics (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 709-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel fermentation device, the rotorfermentor, is described and some experimental results are presented on power requirements and oxygen mass transfer characteristics of the rotorfermentor. This fermentation device is designed to achieve high cell concentrations in batch and continuous cultures. Basically, the rotorfermentor consists of a rotating microporous membrane which is enclosed within a stationary fermentor vessel. The metabolic products in the broth are continuously removed by filtration through the rotating microporous membrane while the growing cells can be retained inside the fermentor. This dual function of cell growth and concentration with the simultaneous removal of metabolic products is the essential characteristic of the rotorfermentor.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200507
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rotorfermentor. II. Application to ethanol fermentation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 727-753 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of microbial growth and product formation are described as applied to the high cell concentration scheme of the rotorfermentor. A bench scale pilot plant was designed and built in order to demonstrate the operational feasibility of the rotorfermentor. The fermentation of glucose to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126 was used. When the rotorfermentor was used with a glucose feed concentration of 104 g/liter almost 100% glucose utilization was obtained and the ethanol productivity rate was 27.3 g ethanol/liter hr which was found to be about 10 times greater than the ethanol productivity obtained from an ordinary continuous stirred tank (CST) Fermentor. The ethanol experimental results obtained from the rotorfermentor and an ordinary CST fermentor were used as a basis to assess the economic feasibility of the rotorfermentor. The economics of an industrial scale ordinary CST fermentor with and without cell recycle is compared with a rotorfermentor unit for the same ethanol production throughput. For the process conditions considered on this case, calculations showed that the rotorfermentor may replace both a CST fermentor and cell centrifuge resulting in lower capital equipment costs and lower power consumption requirements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200508
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Process design and economic studies of alternative fermentation methods for the production of ethanol (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1421-1444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell recycle and vacuum fermentation processes are described for the continuous production of ethanol. Preliminary process design studies are employed to make an economic comparison of these alternative fermentation schemes with continuous and batch fermentation technologies. Designs are based on a production capacity of 78,000 gal 95% ethanol (EtOH)/day employing molasses as the fermentation substrate. The studies indicate that a 57% reduction in fixed capital investment is realized by continuous rather than batch operation. Further decreases in required capital investment of 68 and 71% over batch fermentation were obtained for cell recycle and vacuum operation, respectively. However, ethanol production costs were dominated by the cost of molasses, representing over 75% of the total manufacturing cost. But, when a reasonable yeast by-product credit was assumed, the net production cost for 95% ethanol was estimated at 82.3 and 80.6 cent/gal, for the cell recycle and vacuum processes, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200908
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