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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid-liquid extraction in a pulsed perforated-plate column (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 56-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid extractions of benzoic acid-toluene solutions by means of water were studied under varying flow rates of both solvents in a 2-in. perforated-plate column to which pulsations of different frequencies and amplitudes were applied. Studies on reversal of the phase of the dispersion were made. With fixed flow rates of both solvents, the rate of extraction increased much more rapidly when the flow through the perforation became turbulent. The results are correlated by means of Reynolds number based on the flow through the perforations and are calculated from the product of the frequency and amplitude of the pulsations.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030111
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of extraction techniques for butyltin compounds in sediment (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 431-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Butyltin ; analysis ; sediment ; extraction ; ethylation ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: There have been many methods available for the determination of butyltin compounds in sediment. The variations of these methods are not in the methods of determination but rather in the extraction of these compounds from the complex matrices. All of these methods have not been critically compared or evaluated, mainly because of the lack of a suitable reference sediment for butyltin compounds.Recently, the National Research Council of Canada has introduced a reference sediment (PACS-1) which contains certified values of butyltin compounds. The present study compares the recoveries of ten extraction techniques for butyltin species using ethylation derivatization and GC AA as the method of determination. Of these ten methods, only four were found satisfactory for extraction of the dibutyltin and tributyltin species. None of the methods evaluated, however, could quantitatively extract monobutyltin from sediment.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050510
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-pressure FTIR studies of gas-polymer interactions (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 1123-1131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: FTIR spectra of cellulose acetate (CA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at 35°C have been obtained as a function of carbon dioxide pressure at pressures up to 55 atm in a specially designed FTIR cell. Results indicate that the carbonyl stretching vibrations for CA (1752 cm-1) and PMMA (1731 cm-1) shift to slightly higher wave numbers with increasing pressure. The small shifts suggest dipole-dipole interactions between CO2 and the carbonyl group. In both cases, the shift appears to be linear with pressure. This linearity is interpreted in the framework of the dualmode theory to suggest that gas-polymer interactions occur in the Henry's law dissolution mode.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410521
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel polystyryl resins for size exclusion chromatography (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2029-2038 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1,2-bis(p-vinylphenyl)ethane ; divinylbenzene ; crosslinker ; network structure ; size exclusion chromatography resins ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New size exclusion chromatography (SEC) resins based on a crosslinker having independent vinyl groups have been produced and compared with SEC resins based on divinylbenzene-55 (DVB). 1,2-Bis(p-vinylphenyl)ethane (p,p-BVPE) and its meta-isomers were suspension-copolymerized with p-methylstyrene in the presence of different porogens to give particles of about 5 μm average diameter. The porous particles were slurry-packed into stainless steel columns for SEC evaluation. Calibration curves were obtained using narrow disperse polystyrene standards with molecular weights ranging from 580 to 3,040,000. The calibration curves for the new BVPE resins covered wider useful molecular weight ranges than those for comparable divinylbenzene resins. Particle size, surface morphology and the properties of pores were studied using a Coulter Multisizer II, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, and mercury porosimetry. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080321104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-yield synthesis and characterization of 1,2-bis(p-vinylphenyl)ethane (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2023-2027 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1,2,-bis(p-vinylphenyl)ethane ; crosslinker ; network structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The quantitative synthesis and complete characterization of 1,2-bis(p-vinylphenyl)ethane (p,p-BVPE) and its meta-, para-mixed isomers are reported. These crosslinkers copolymerize randomly with p-methylstyrene, leading to random crosslink distributions. The crosslinkers are prepared by Grignard coupling of (m,p)-vinylbenzyl chloride in tetrahydrofuran at low temperature to give the statistical mixture of m,m-, m,p-, and p,p-isomers in quantitative yield. Pure p-vinylbenzyl chloride is converted to pure p,p-BVPE. p,p-BVPE has also been separated from the mixture of isomers. The isomers are characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR and by reversed-phase HPLC. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080321103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper bilirubinate and black pigment gallstone (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A series of copper bilirubinate complexes (CuBR) was synthesized in solution and in solid state to mimic the black color of the black-pigment gallstone and to explore the formation mechanism of the gallstonein vitro. The variation of the copper contents of these samples indicated that CuBR also exhibits nonstoichiometric characteristics from the FTIR study, i.e., both the so-called acid and neutral copper complex moieties exist in CuBR. The NH groups in pyrrole and lactam groups of bilirubin (H2BR) are binding to the copper ions. An EPR study demonstrates the generation of free radicals and the variation of its electronic structure and conjugation system in the skeleton of H2BR molecule during complex formation. A polymer of CuBR may form through the reaction of H2BR with copper ions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bspy.350010209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Periodic and chaotic precipitation phenomena in bile salt system related to gallstone formation (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 3 (1997), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: cholelithiasis ; gallstone ; bile salts ; periodic precipitation ; fractal precipitation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This is the first observation that both chaotic and periodic patterns are formed in metal ions-deoxycholate-gel systems. It is an in vitro model for approximating the conditions present during gallstone formation. The experimental results suggest that a nonlinear scientific concept such as the “butterfly effect” should be considered in understanding gallstone formation. This effect suggests that a butterfly flapping its wings in Beijing today may lead to a thunderstorm in New York months later. Applying this concept to biology, minor changes in the local chemical environment within biological systems may lead to large variations in the structure and morphology of gallstone through changes in the behavior of biological mineralization process. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospect 3: 195-205, 1997
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A spectroscopic study of pigment gallstones in China (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 3 (1997), S. 371-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: brown pigment stone ; PAGE ; mid-IR spectroscopy ; far IR spectroscopy ; FT-Raman ; bezoar ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Spectroscopic studies of various types of gallstones carried out in China are reviewed. Three basic classes of gallstones are surveyed: cholesterol stones, brown pigment stones, and black pigment stones. The emphasis of this review is on brown gallstones. The primary spectroscopic methods used in the studies surveyed are Fourier transform infrared absorption and Fourier transform Raman scattering. Chemical components studied in gallstones include cholesterol, bile pigments, glycoproteins, proteins, bilirubin metal complexes, and salts of calcium and other metals. Further studies are needed characterize the relationship of these components to more complex features of gallstones. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 3: 371-380, 1997
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A spectroscopic investigation of the formation mechanism of pigment gallstones (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 3 (1997), S. 381-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: black pigment gallstone ; FTIR ; EPR ; nonlinear phenomena ; vibrational mode ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Further spectroscopic studies of gallstones are reviewed with an emphasis on the formation of black pigment gallstones. This type of gallstone appears mainly in Western countries, with only 3% of the cholelithiasis patients in China having black gallstones. Fourier transform infrared absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance are used as spectroscopic probes of gallstones and their metal bilirubinate components. Nonlinear phenomena in gallstone formation were investigated through the appearance of ring structure in gallstones and fractal patterns in the formation in the precipitates of bile salt systems. Although a complete understanding of gallstone formation has not yet been achieved, interesting progress toward this goal has been made recently. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 3: 381-391, 1997
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic studies on silver electrodes in the presence of 2-mercaptopyrimidine (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 26 (1995), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was applied to the study of silver electrodes in the presence of 2-mercaptopyrimidine (2MP) over a wide electrode potential range from  - 0.3 to  - 1.8 V (vs. SCE). The spectra reveal that in neutral solution 2MP was adsorbed perpendicularly on the silver electrode via its sulphur atom at potentials more positive than  -  1.1 V and was electrochemically reduced at more negative potentials. The significant dependence of the SERS spectra on the solution pH and the time-resolved SERS results suggest that hydro-oligomerization of 2MP may take place during the electrochemical reduction process. It has been shown that SERS can be used as a unique tool to study structural changes of electrochemical interfaces through detailed molecular level analyses in the electrode potential region of hydrogen evolution.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250260305
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