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  • 1
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Zeolites ; Electron transfer ; Proton transfer ; Radical ions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Incorporation of N,N′-diphenylhydrazine into HZSM-5 led to the formation of azobenzene and aniline (70-80 mol-% mass balance). The formation of azobenzene can be followed by the appearance in diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy of a characteristic band (λmax = 420 nm). IR spectra of the extracted solids indicate that some aniline is retained in the zeolite, probably due to acid-base interaction with active sites. The products are rationalized by two competing mechanisms: the formation of azobenzene by electron transfer to an oxidizing site, the generation of aniline by proton transfer from a Brønsted acid site. A long-wavelength diffuse-reflectance band (λmax = 800 nm) in the initial stages of the reaction supports the intermediacy of a radical cation. These results show that acid zeolites can exhibit a dual behavior against basic substrates with low oxidation potential, serving simultaneously as electron acceptor and Brønsted acid.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Metal complexes ; Template synthesis ; Schiff bases ; Oxaazamacrocycles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New series of macrocyclic Schiff-base lanthanide(III), yttrium(III), and cadmium(II) complexes, [M(1)]Xn (X = NO3-, M = Y, Ln = La-Yb except Pm and Dy; X = ClO4-, M = Cd, La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, or Er) and [M(3)]Xn (X = NO3-, M = Dy; X = ClO4-, M = Er and Cd), have been prepared by cyclocondensation of O1,O7-bis(2-formylphenyl)-1,4,7-trioxaheptane with O1,O7-bis(2-aninyl)-1,4,7-trioxaheptane (1) or tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (3) in the presence of the appropriate metal salt as a template agent. The Schiff-base macrocycles 1 and 3 are also formed in the absence of a metal ion. Treatment of 1 with NaBH4 in methanol gives the diamine macrocycle 2. The reactions of LnIII, CdII, and YIII ions with 2 have also been investigated. The crystal structures of the monoprotonated ligand 2 and of the complex [Cd(3)](ClO4)2 have been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under -//_/_http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2005/2000/99352_s.pdf or from the author.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Indazolols ; Indazolinones ; Indoxyls ; Cytostatic agents ; HeLa cells ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The remarkable cytostatic activity of 1-substituted indazolols 2a,b, condensed indazolinones 4a-c and indoxyl derivatives 5a, b against HeLa cells is reported. Three different approaches to the synthesis of indazolophthalazinone 4a, representing alternatives to those previously reported, were studied. Several compounds related to the mentioned indazolols and indazolinones were obtained and their cytostatic activity against HeLa cells was tested. Among them we can mention the tetracyclic SO2 analogue 14 and the condensed pyridine derivative 18, the tricyclic pyrazolophthalazinone 22 and the bicyclic pyrazolodiazepinone 25, which were prepared by taking advantage of the reactivity of heterocyclic spiro aminimides.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 15 (1992), S. 124-130 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of p-nitrophenol (PNP) from an NaOH, H3PO4-buffered, aqueous solution on activated carbon was studied at pH 2, 7, and 8.5. Comparative studies were then carried out on ozonized carbon and ozonized PNP solution. In the latter case, PNP adsorption was performed from an ozonized solution, and also after exposing the activated carbon to the ozonized PNP solution for 24 h. At acid pH, PNP adsorption was found to be markedly higher than at neutral and weakly basic pH's. Ozonization of carbon affects the results only at pH 7 and 8.5. Ozonization of PNP led to a small decrease in adsorption, irrespective of the method of contect between carbon and ozonization reaction products. The rate was faster at acid than at basic pH, and the ozonization speeded up the adsorption slightly but only at pH 8.5. Application of a mathematical model indicated that mass transfer in bulk solution controls the rate of adsorption.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 673-678 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: image analysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae floc ; floc counting ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A standardized image analysis method has been developed permitting determination of the number of yeast flocs and their size distribution. The method includes image grabbing, image enhancement, automatic determination of the appropriate threshold, curve fitting of the areahistogram, determination of the mean single floc area and its standard deviation, and floc counting. The extension of the method to other applications is immediate and straightforward. Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae floc Populations (with ages of 48 and 72 h) were analyzed. The results showed a variation around the mean of 9%-12% for the single floc mean area, 6%-7% for the number of single flocs, and 5%-6% for the total number of flocs. Aggregates of two flocs (doublets) and three flocs (triplets) were enumerated. The correctness of the method was checked by analyzing the parameters of interest as a function of the threshold. The constant correlation between the parameters and the threshold showed the validity and consistency of the method. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: enzymes ; organic solvents ; alcohol inhibition ; activity coefficients ; substrate specificity ; rate-limiting step ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alcohol inhibition of the lipase B from Candida antarctica has been studied through two different approaches: using the same inhibitor (1-butanol) in different organic solvents and using different inhibitors (differing in chain length) in the same solvent. The competitive inhibition constant values obtained in each case correlate with the calculated activity coefficients of the substrate, suggesting that desolvation of the alcohol is the major force changed. Data dispersion observed using the second approach has been interpreted to come from contributions of enzyme-inhibitor interactions to the binding energy. On the other hand, deacylation has been found to be much less influenced by the solvent variation than the acylation step, despite of the fact that solvation of the substrate involved in this step (the alcohol) is expected to change more than for the ester. Concerning the specificity behavior of the enzyme, a bimodal pattern was observed for the deacylation rate dependence on the alcohol chain length, with the highest values for hexanol (C6) and decanol (C10). With regard to the ester specificity, ethyl caproate (C6) is the preferred one. These results have been confronted with those reported for the lipase from Candida rugosa. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59: 163-170, 1998.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 445-450 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: on-line control ; pH control ; growth monitoring ; proton titration ; yeast ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The amount of acid or base consumed in yeast cultures has been recently assigned to the pathway of nitrogen assimilation under respiratory conditions with no contribution by carbon metabolism (Castrillo et al., 1995). In this investigation, experiments under respirofermentative conditions have shown that production or consumption of ethanol does not contribute significantly to the specific rate of proton production (qH+), thus extending the previously obtained relationships for all aerobic conditions in which other major acid/base contributions are not involved. Tests in batch and chemostat culture confirm the validity of qH+ as a formal control parameter in aerobic fermentations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:445-450, 1998.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 684-694 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: immobilized enzymes ; organic solvents ; mechanism ; kinetic studies ; microscopic rate constants ; rate-limiting step ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica have been studied in organic solvents. This enzyme has been shown to be slightly affected by the water content of the organic media, and it does not seem to be subject to mass transfer limitations. On the other hand, some evidence indicates that the catalytic mechanism of reactions catalyzed by this lipase proceeds through the acyl-enzyme intermediate. Moreover, despite the fact that the immobilization support dramatically enhances the catalytic power of the enzyme, it does not interfere with the intrinsic solvent effect. Consequently, this enzyme preparation becomes optimum for studying the role played by the organic solvent in catalysis. To this end, we have measured the acylation and deacylation individual rate constants, and the binding equilibrium constant for the ester, in several organic environments. Data obtained show that the major effect of the organic solvent is on substrate binding, and that the catalytic steps are almost unaffected by the solvent, indicating the desolvation of the transition state. However, the strong decrease in binding for hydrophilic solvents such as THF and dioxane, compared to the rest of solvents, cannot be easily explained by means of thermodynamic arguments (desolvation of the ester substrate). For this reason, data have been considered as an indication of the existence of an unknown step in the catalytic pathway occurring prior to formation of the acyl-enzyme intermediate. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:684-694, 1998.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 172 (1989), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Werte des Elastizitätsmoduls (E) und der Fließspannung (Y) und die Gestalt der Spannungs-Dehnungskurven wurden mit der Mikrohärte (MH) dieser Materialien verknüpft, unter Beachtung der Rolle, die die kristallinen, amorphen und Phasengrenzbereiche bei der Verformung der kristallinen Polymeren spielen. Es wurden lineare Beziehungen zwischen der Mikrohärte und dem Kristallinitätsgrad (1-λ)d und zwischen den Logarithmen von E und MH gefunden. Die Änderungen der Parameter 100 Y/E und σmin/Y (σmin ist das relative Minimum der Nominalspannung für Dehnungen oberhalb der Streckgrenze) als Funktion von (1-λ)d folgen unterschiedlichen Trends für lineare und verzweigte Polyethylene. Außerdem zeigte sich, daß das Verhältnis MH/Y für diese Materialien kleiner als drei ist, wobei dieser theoretische Wert (Taborgleichung) nur bei den höchsten Kristallinitätsgraden angenähert wird.
    Notes: The values of the elastic modulus (E) and the yield stress (Y) and the shape of the strain-stress curves of different polyethylenes have been related to the microhardness (MH) of these materials, considering the roles that the crystalline, amorphous, and interfacial regions play in the deformation of semicrystalline polymers. Linear relations between microhardness and degree of crystallinity, (1 - λ)d, and between the logarithms of E and MH have been found. The variations of the parameters 100Y/E and σmin/Y (σmin is the relative minimum value of the nominal stress for elongations above the yield point) as a function of (1-λ)d follow different trends for linear and branched polyethylenes. Moreover, it has been found that the ratio MH/Y is smaller than three for these materials, approaching this theoretical value (Tabor relation) only for the highest crystallinity levels.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 101 (1968), S. 3070-3078 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diphenylselenophosphinsäure-Se-phenylester (4) wird nach sechs neuen Methoden dargestellt. Der bisher unbekannte Triselenophosphorsäure-Se.Se.Se-triphenylester (8) läßt sich durch Umsetzung von Selenophenol mit PCl3 gewinnen. Die Selenophosphorsäure-O.O-dialkylester-Se-phenylester 10 erhält man aus Benzolselenylbromid mit Trialkylphosphiten 9 oder Dialkoxyphosphorylquecksilberchloriden 11.
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