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  • Chemistry  (16)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of the stage efficiency of simple, agitated vessels used in mixer-settler extractors (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 202-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of calcuation is presented by which estmates may be made of the stage efficiency of continuously operated, agitated, baffled vessels used in mixer-settler extractors. The calculations are limited to cases where the agitatiing impeller is a flat-blade turbine, and do not include estimates of the entrance and exit effects. The method has been tested with all the available experimental data, which include three different sizes of vessels, systems, and impeller sizes, and a variety of operating conditions including speeds of agitation, rates of flow, and ratios of contacted liquids. Because of limitations of the author's knowledge, the calculations are necessarily approximate, but they nevertheless correctly indicate the nature of the variations in stage efficiency to be expected with all of the design and operating variables for which tests could be applied.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040215
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The economic design of mixer-settler extractors (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 474-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relationships are developed for establishing the most economic values of the major variables of a liquid-extraction process, including the concentrations of solute in recycled solvent and rejected raffinate, the solvent-to-feed ratio, and for mixer-settlers certain of the design features. Consideration is given to costs of extraction and solvent recovery, as well as to the value of unextracted solute and lost solvent. For the design of mixer settlers scale-up relationships are developed to permit prediction of the stage efficiency of a large extractor from experimental data taken on a small scale. These are expressed in terms of a scale-up index relating the relative size of the mixer with the volumetric rates of liquid flow. It is shown that the cost of multistage extractor increases with scale up in a different fashion from the stage efficiency, depending upon the scale-up index used. A detailed study of the costs for a typical case led to the development of economic scale-up indexes which, because they cover nearly a fivefold ratio of fixed to operating costs, are of fairly general utility. The common practice of scaling up with equal holding times on the large and small scale is shown to be amply safe from the point of view of stage efficiency to be realized on the large scale but usually uneconomic.Simplification of the complete system of equations permits rapid estimation of the most economic circumstances for any type of countercurrent extractor of which the cost per stage is proportional to Qg.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690050414
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical engineering, Volume 2, Second Edition, J. M. Coulson and J. F. Richardson, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1968). 790 pages. $9.50 (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 482-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690150402
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dispersed phase holdup in baffled mixing vessels (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 19 (1973), S. 851-852 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690190427
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drop coalescence in liquid-liquid fluidized beds (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 985-992 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A drop size segregation technique leads to a direct measurement of the interdrop coalescence frequencies of equisized droplet swarms in liquid-liquid fluidized beds. Mass transfer between the phases and the use of a tracer dye are avoided. The study includes the effects of highly viscous continuous as well as dispersed phases. Binary liquid solutions of ethylene glycol and distilled water provided aqueous phases of increasing viscosity, and toluene was the second liquid phase. Twenty two liquid-liquid systems including other dispersed liquids, namely, benzene, ethyl acetate, cyclohexane, and carbon tetrachloride, were studied by this technique.In the case of toluene continuous, the drops of water dispersed in toluene were large in size, and they coalesced at unusually high rates up to about 100 times faster than those of toluene dispersed in water. Similarly, anhydrous ethylene glycol dispersed in toluene showed somewhat high coalescence frequencies. All the data excluding these two anomalous systems were analyzed by a stepwise regression technique to yield the best fitting correlation in terms of the most significant dimensionless ratios.For the present, the proposed empirical correlation for the dimensionless parameter [ω D × 105/Vs] containing the coalescence frequency (ω, time-1) as a function of the coalescence number (σ/μcVs) and the viscosity ratio (μd/μc) is as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$({{\omega D \times 10^5 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\omega D \times 10^5 } {V_s }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {V_s }}) = 0.020({\sigma \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\sigma {\mu c}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\mu c}}V_s)^{1.18} ({{\mu d} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\mu d} {\mu c}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\mu c}})^{0.450} $$\end{document}.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240607
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer from a solid soluble sphere to a flowing liquid stream (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solution rates of 1/2-, 3/4-, and 1-in. cast benzoic acid spheres were measured under natural-and forced-convection conditions. Upward-flowing streams of water and aqueous propylene glycol, in laminar and turbulent flow, were used to contact single spheres in either a 1.50- or 4.00-in.- diameter column. Sphere Reynolds numbers ranged from 10 to 16,920; Schmidt numbers from 987 to 69,680; sphere- to column-diameter ratios, ds/dc, from 0.123 to 0.497; and Grashof numbers from 5,130 to 125,200.The Sherwood number was found independent of the laminar-turbulent transition for pipe flow and the sphere- to column-diameter ratio when the Reynolds number is based on the average fluid velocity and sphere diameter.A correlation of the data based on the additivity of the natural and forced convection processes is proposed, and statistical analyses of the new experimental data result in equations which correlate other heat and mass transfer data for single spheres immersed in bounded and free-jet streams of gases and liquids for NRe, S from 1 to 30,000 and NSe from 0.6 to 3,000, within an average deviation of about 20%.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060213
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The coalescence of drops in liquid-liquid fluidized beds (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 17 (1971), S. 1174-1180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The coalescence rates of equisized drops of organic liquids fluidized by water under conditions of mutual saturation were studied. A drop-size separation technique permitted the direct count of the coalesced drops. Six organic liquids (benzene, cyclohexane, n-butylacetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, diisobutyl carbinol, and tetrahydrobenzaldehyde) were used, and the coalescence was in all cases total, that is, without formation of small satellite drops.A new hydrodynamic model is presented to calculate the parameters governing the drainage of liquid between two deformable drops in head-on collision. A parameter from this model permits correlation of the coalescence rates with only two arbitrary constants, provided the ratio of dispersed to continuous liquid viscosities lies between 0.5 and 2. High viscosity ratios or the presence of trace quantities of surfactant greatly depress the coalescence rate, while continued reuse of the dispersed liquid leads to a statistically significant reduction. The presence of a fog of very small droplets increases the coalescence rate.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690170524
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rate of rise or fall of liquid drops (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 444-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements of the terminal velocity of liquid drops immersed in an insoluble liquid were made for eleven liquid systems, covering a wide range of physical properties: continuous-phase density 0.960 to 1.145 g./cc., viscosity 0.93 to 1.56 centiposes; dispersed-phase density 0.807 to 1.674 g./cc., viscosity 0.59 to 72.1 centipoises; interfacial tension 0.3 to 42.4 dynes/cm. A correlation of the data was developed for each of the two velocity-drop-diameter regions which permits easy computation of the drop velocities. The correlations are shown to reproduce the present data and much of the published data very satisfactorily. Photographs permitted measurement of the drop eccentricities, which are shown to be a function of the drop diameter, density difference, and interfacial tension.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020405
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial tensions of binary and ternary two-phase liquid systems (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 795-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theory is developed to enable prediction of interfacial tension in unsymmetrical, regular, binary liquid systems from solubility data. This is also shown to be applicable to nonregular aqueous binary systems by using solubility parameters and molar volumes calculated from mutual solubilities as substitutes for true molar volumes and the solubility parameters obtained from energies of vaporization.The theory is extended to include unsymmetrical, regular, ternary liquid systems, and is shown to be applicable to systems consisting of perfluoro-n-hexane and other nonpolar organic liquids. The theory is not adequate for aqueous ternary systems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120430
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixing and product distribution for a liquid-phase, second-order, competitive-consecutive reaction (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 17 (1971), S. 718-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mixing effects for the homogeneous, liquid-phase, second-order, competitive-consecutive reaction of iodine (B) with L-tyrosine (A) to form 3-iodo-L-tyrosine (R) and 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine (S) were determined for the following conditions: vessel volume, 5 and 36 liters (baffled and unbaffled); turbine diameter (2 to 6 in.) and speed (95 to 1,600 r.p.m.); feed inlet locations (3), addition rate (0.25 to 18 min.), and distribution; temperature (11° to 43°C.); initial A concentration (0.1 to 0.4 g.-mole/liter); and kinematic viscosity (0.765 to 6.35 centistokes). A was initially charged to the reactor and an equimolar quantity of feed B was added over a time period. Yields of R are less than that expected for perfect mixing owing to local regions of excess B concentration that exist for time periods during which R over-reacts to S.Agitation power for a given yield is less in unbaffled vessels without an air-liquid interface than for baffled vessels. The local fluctuating velocity u′ where feed is introduced correlates the mixing variables and predicts mixing requirements for maintaining yields of R on scale-up. Regions of excess B concentration are related to a concept of partial segregation. The extent of reaction occurring under this condition is correlated by the dimensionless group (k1bτ) (a0/b), where τ is a microtime scale of mixing related to u′ and the characteristic length of a microscale eddy. The magnitude of this group provides a criterion for predicting the importance of mixing effects on other reaction systems.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690170340
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