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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 348-352 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behavior of the film coefficient of heat transfer for the condensation of organic vapor mixtures was investigated experimentally to establish a satisfactory basis for applying the Nusselt equation to binary systems. Five ideal and nonideal pairs, all of which gave miscible condensates, were studied; the work was carried out under conditions of almost total condensation on a horizontal condensing surface designed to comply as rigidly as possible with the conditions for which Nusselt's equation is valid.The same behavior was observed for all systems and all concentrations studied: the experimental coefficients fell between those for the pure components and followed the behavior pattern for pure components when the temperature difference was taken as that between the bubble point of the condensate and the surface temperature, rather than between the dew point or the measured vapor temperature and the surface temperature, Correlation of the film coefficient showed it to vary approximately linearly with composition if the coefficients were compared at a constant value of the temperature difference, defined as above. This permits determination of the coefficient for a mixture by interpolation between the coefficients for the pure components, which are easily obtained, in preference to making the calculations with the properties of the mixture obtained by laborious and uncertain weighting of the corresponding properties of the pure components.When results are interpreted in the light of the theories of Colburn and Drew, the presence of a vapor-phase resistance to heat and mass transfer, as postulated by them, is indicated.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 20-27 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the mutual solubility of ethylene with various polar and nonpolar relatively high-molecular-weight organic compounds at temperatures 1° and 10° C. respectively above the critical temperature of ethylene and at pressures up to 1,500 Ib./sq.in.abs. For many compounds Henry's law was found to be applicable for the liquid phase up to approximately two thirds of the critical pressure of ethylene. In the critical region the solubility of ethylene was extremely sensitive to small changes in both temperature and pressure. The various types of phase behavior encountered were classified according to the nonideality involved. The results of this investigation indicate that a gas near its critical conditions is often capable of dissolving relatively nonvolatile materials in sufficient concentrations to warrant consideration of a separation process using such a gas as the extracting medium, namely fluid-liquid extraction.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 54-60 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some characteristics are reported for the fluidization of an air-microspheroidal catalyst system in a 16-in.-diameter bed equipped with baffles. The back-mixing characteristics and retention-time distributions of gas and solids, allowable gas and solids velocities, entrainment rate, and bed density are studied as functions of baffle design.It is shown that the use of baffles narrows the retention-time spectrum and permits either concurrent or countercurrent flow while not seriously reducing gas or solids throughput or solids holdup.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1779-1790 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of protein aggregation in salt-induced precipitation processes were studied as a function of salt type, salt concentration, temperature and protein concentration. α-chymotrypsin (αCT) was used as a model protein. Stopped-flow turbidimetry was used to monitor the progress of precipitations. Analysis of the linear portions of the turbidity trajectories indicates that temperature and salt concentration effects are related to protein solubility; the protein concentration dependence is well described by the Smoluchowski collision equation. The aggregation kinetics of partially-inhibited αCT exhibit poisoning behavior, underscoring the importance of dimerization and monomer addition in the precipitation of αCT. Solute particle radius distributions determined via dynamic laser light scattering for low salt and supernatant αCT solutions indicated that significant aggregation does not occur in the absence of supersaturation. A detailed population balance model was proposed that accounted for specific and nonspecific interactions and monomer addition. The model is expected to find general application to protein aggregation phenomena, in particular for proteins that have specific quaternary interactions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 383-383 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 745-746 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 349-360 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mixing effects in protein precipitation processes are very poorly understood. They impact apparent protein solubility, protein structure in precipitates, particle size, morphology and recoverable activity. In this work, a model is proposed to describe the impact of mixing on protein solubility in precipitation processes. A series of semibatch-mode precipitation experiments were performed using bovine liver catalase and ammonium sulfate to test model predictions. The process variables studied include initial protein supersaturation, agitation rate, and rate of addition of salt solution to the initial protein solution. The mixing model parameters were estimated independently with the aid of a series-parallel dye reaction. The results showed good agreement between model and experiment. The initial protein supersaturation was the most important variable at the 1-L scale. The influence of mixing on recoverable activity was also examined. Scale-up guidelines are suggested based on model simulations and experimental results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 1728-1740 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: While being developed, plant somatic embryos change shape and increase size. An effective kinetic description of growth and development of somatic embryos is important for process scale-up and optimization. An essential component of such a kinetic description is the developmental characterization of the individual embryos present in culture. Embryo morphological data obtained by image processing techniques were transformed into sizeand size-independent morphological descriptors. Qualitative relations between the descriptors and geometric properties of the embryos were established to interpret the results. For training, a branch-and-bound search technique was used to search for optimal subsets of descriptors, as determined by member clustering and class separability properties evaluated from within-class and between-class scatter matrices. In the classification mode, individuals were identified using a voting nearest neighbor classifier. This nonparametric nearest-neighbor classifier was trained on optimal projections of the feature space established from developmental stage discrimination (branch-and-bound algorithm). Using a test population, normal and abnormal embryos and callus were assigned to six morphological classes. The image-analysis-based classification was in 80-90% agreement compared to the results obtained through visual classification by an experienced operator.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1045-1060 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Roll coaters for applying liquid coating to continuous strip or web are, with some two-roll exceptions, systems of three or more rolls in which liquid passes through two or more gaps or nips between rolls. Yet most of the literature on roll coating is devoted to some of the 11 distinct flows in individual gaps or nips. This article analyzes how the final coated layer thickness in several types of forward roll transfer and reverse roll coating systems depends, at steady state, on the number of rolls, their speeds, the gaps between roll pairs, and the doctoring of recycle films from the rolls. The inputs to the analysis are elementary mass balances at the gaps, and simple gap performance equations that approximate well the available experimental and theoretical findings about flow rates and film-splits at individual gaps. The results are fundamentals-based means of understanding, comparing, predicting, and ultimately designing performance of multiple roll systems.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1703-1719 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous hydrolysis of triglyceride in organic solvent systems using Rhizopus arrhizus mycelia as a source of insolubilized lipase has been studied in packed-bed and stirred-tank reactors. Typically a packed bed reactor containing 1 g of mycelia fed at 1 mL/min with a solution of 2.5% (w/v) olive oil in di-isopropyl ether gave a fatty acid yield of 45% at 30°C. The optimum water concentration was found to be 0.17% (w/v) except under conditions of high oil feed concentration and high yield where no optimum was established. No temperature optimum was observed over the range 20-55°C. Calculated activation energies of 13-20 kJ/mol, depending on temperature, were lower, while Km(app) values of 0.1-0.3M were higher than those for hydrolysis in conventional aqueous emulsion systems. No evidence of any significant diffusional limitation, which could account for these values, was obtained. The mycelia showed a loss of activity of 0.6-1.0%h at 30°C. The packed bed proved markedly superior to the stirred tank for this system.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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