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  • 1
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    Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel (2023)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in LeClerc, H., Tompsett, G., Paulsen, A., McKenna, A., Niles, S., Reddy, C., Nelson, R., Cheng, F., Teixeira, A., & Timko, M. Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel. IScience, 25(9), (2022): 104916, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104916.
    Description: Food waste is an abundant and inexpensive resource for the production of renewable fuels. Biocrude yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste can be boosted using hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inexpensive and abundant catalyst. Combining HAP with an inexpensive homogeneous base increased biocrude yield from 14 ± 1 to 37 ± 3%, resulting in the recovery of 49 ± 2% of the energy contained in the food waste feed. Detailed product analysis revealed the importance of fatty-acid oligomerization during biocrude formation, highlighting the role of acid-base catalysts in promoting condensation reactions. Economic and environmental analysis found that the new technology has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6% while producing renewable diesel with a minimum fuel selling price of $1.06/GGE. HAP can play a role in transforming food waste from a liability to a renewable fuel.
    Description: This work was funded by the DOE Bioenergy Technology Office (DE-EE0008513), a DOE DBIR (DE-SC0015784) and the MassCEC. The authors thank WenWen Yao, Department of Environmental Science at WPI, for TOC analysis, Mainstream Engineering for heating value characterization of the oil and solid samples, Wei Fan for assistance in obtaining SEM images and, Julia Martin and Ronald Grimm for their assistance in collecting XPS data, and Jeffrey R. Page for his assistance with oil upgrading and analysis. HOL was partially funded for this work by NSF Graduate Research Fellowship award number 2038257. A portion of this work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Ion Cyclotron Resonance user facility, which is supported by the NSF Division of Materials Research and Division of Chemistry through DMR 16-44779 and the State of Florida.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical engineering ; Catalysis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of process conditions on crystals obtained from supercritical mixtures (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 325-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350220
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shear thinning in ternary bicontinuous and water-in-oil microemulsions (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 677-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shear thinning of ternary microemulsions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), water, and dodecane in the range 103 to 106 s-1 is documented over a wide range of compositions. A marked transition in the characteristic shear rate is observed accompanying the structural transition from bicontinuous to water-in-oil (w/o) droplets as previously reported from diffusion and small-angle scattering techniques. Results in the w/o region are consistent with those for a dispersion of hard spheres. The shear thinning of the bicontinuous structure, however, occurs at much higher shear rates, implying a shorter time and length scale for disruption of the equilibrium liquid structure by the flow field.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410324
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Settling and rheology of suspensions of narrow-sized coal particles (1992)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 38 (1992), S. 969-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Settling rates, yield stresses, and shear-stress/shear-rate dependences were determined as functions of solids concentration for suspensions in water of coal particles of narrow size fractions. Particles and suspensions are characterized by coal analyses, determination of heating value, solid heat capacity and thermal conductivity, particle size analyses, and determination of densities and maximum packing concentrations for each particle size range. Analysis of the settling rate data establishes that the usually strong retardation of (hindered) settling due to concentration is compounded by particle shape effects. In addition, observed particle shapes are subsumed within particle shape classes inferred from the settling data. Shear-stress/shear-rate data for concentrated suspensions of the three larger and relatively narrower sized particles over the broad range of shear rates from about 1 to 104S-1 suggest the behavior to be essentially Newtonian, albeit with a marked particle concentration augmentation. Suspensions of the smallest coal particles of broader size distribution were strongly non-Newtonian, possessing a yield stress at low shear, essentially power-low shear-thinning behavior over the intermediate range and approaching high-shear Newtonian limiting behavior above about 103S-1. Relations developed include viscosity-and yield stress-concentration correlations incorporating the maximum packing volume fraction of solids. These are useful generally for suspensions and particularly as the basis for guiding the formulation of coal-water fuels.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690380702
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of suspension culture systems for the growth of murine lymphoblastoid lines expressing TL and Thy-1 alloantigens (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 629-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a prelude to our studies on TL and Thy-1 differentiation alloantigens, three murine lymphobhastoid cell lines were examined for expression of these components. Optimal conditions for their mass culture were also determined. Several suspension culture systems were evaluated: (a) 50 ml through 500 ml Wheaton and Bellco spinner flasks as well as 1, 4, and 8 liter Wheaton flasks modified for semicontinuous culture conditions, (b) 3 liter Chemapec Vibrofermentor, and (c) 14 liter New Brunswick fermentor. Utilizing these types of vessels the optimal culture conditions were evaluated as to the effect of: (1) pH, (2) initial concentration of cell inoculum, (3) types of media, and (4) methods of gassing and gas mixtures on the rate of growth and alloantigen expression. This study demonstrated that cells could be cultured on a semicontinuous basis up to densities of 2-4 × 106 cells/ml if a vessel of appropriate dimensions was utilized, the appropriate medium selected, and the pH controlled by CO2 and air overlay. Once these parameters were established the growth of a given cell line was highly reproducible: Under optimal culture conditions the expression of Thy-1 was maximum while the cells were in the exponential stage of growth and reduced during the lag and stationary phases of growth. The expression of TL did not vary as significantly during the various stages of growth. One cell line grown in medium supplemented with 10% horse serum expressed lass Thy-1 than those grown in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. The factors affecting cell growth and alloantigen expression have been considered in the design of a large-scale suspension culture facility for culturing 1000 liters of cells per week.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170503
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alcohol precipitation of proteins: The relationship of denaturation and precipitation for catalase (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 2569-2590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The precipitation of crude beef liver catalase at 4°C by the lower alcohols could be correlated in a manner analogous to that used for salting out precipitations with ammonium sulfate. At high alcohol concentrations, however, the analogy breaks down since denaturation effects must betaken into account Depending upon the concentration of the alcohol and temperature, the denaturation transition may be either thermally induced or solvent induced. When the precipitated enzyme was redissolved in buffer, not all forms could refold spontaneously to a catalytically active conformation. The data on the precipitation yields of catalase correlated well with denaturation diagrams previously developed. Thus, a quantitative basis could be established to relate the sensitive performance of the technique to the experimental conditions. A further correlation between the amino-acid composition of the enzyme and the optimal concentration of alcohol required for precipitation may provide a guide for the extension of this work to other systems.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260231114
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axinastatin 1 or malaysiatin? proof of constitution and 3D structure in solution of a cyclic heptapeptide with cytostatic propertiesDedicated to Professor H. Tschesche on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1995 (1995), S. 765-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Cyclic heptapeptide, 2D-NMR, conformation of ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recently, a cyclic heptapeptide with cytostatic activity was isolated from marine sources by three different groups independently. The sequence of the isolated peptide was ambiguous, since two different isomers have been proposed: cyclo(-Asn1-Pro2-Phe3-Val4-Val5-Pro6-Val7-) (1) also called axinastatin 1 resp. pseudoaxinellin and cyclo(-Asn1#-Pro2#-Pro3# -Phe4#-Val5#-Val6#-Val7#-) (2) called malaysiatin. We synthesized both peptides 1 and 2 and compared their optical rotation, FAB-MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR data with those of the native compounds. Our results prove that peptide 1 has been assigned correctly, whereas the data of 2 differ significantly from those of the natural peptide. Peptide 1 adopts two conformations (90:10 ratio) in DMSO, interconverting slowly on the NMR time scale. According to MD simulations, using NOEs and J couplings as experimental restraints, a βVIa-turn with a cis peptide bond between Val5-Pro6 and a βI-turn in the Asn1-Val4 region are the characteristic secondary structural elements of the major conformer. Its backbone conformation is very similar to the X-ray structure of a related peptide cyclo(-Asna-Leub-Serc-Phed-Leue-Prof-Valg-) called evolidine.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.1995199505112
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved operational stability of cell-free glucose-fructose oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobilis for the efficient synthesis of sorbitol and gluconic acid in a continuous ultrafiltration membrane reactor (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 53 (1997), S. 623-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: glucose-fructose oxidoreductase ; Zymomonas mobilis ; free enzyme ; continuous production ; stability ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the continuous, enzymatic synthesis of sorbitol and gluconic acid by cell-free glucose-fructose oxidoreductase (GFOR) from Zymomonas mobilis, the principal determinants of productivity have been identified. Most important, the rapid inactivation of the soluble enzyme during substrate conversion can be avoided almost completely when weak bases such as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethan or imidazol are used for the titration of the produced gluconic acid and when 5-10 mM dithiothreitol are added to prevent thiol oxidations. With regard to a long-term operational stability of the enzyme for continuous syntheses, thermal deactivation becomes significant at reaction temperatures above 30°C. Without any additional purification being required, the crude cell extract of Z. mobilis can be employed in a continuous ultrafiltration membrane reactor over a time period of more than 250 h without significant decrease in substrate conversion or enzyme activity. The use of soluble GFOR thus appears to be an interesting alternative to employing permeabilized cells of Zymomonas for the production of sorbitol and gluconic acid and may be superior with regard to reactor productivities, at comparable operational stabilities. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 53: 623-629, 1997.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some mechanical properties of an epoxy resin system cured with multiple crosslinking agentsProd. No. 1445 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Arbitrary cure times and glass transition temperatures are reported for an epoxy resin cocrosslinked by various weight fractions of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and m-phenylenediamine (m-PLDA). The glass transition temperatures of the epoxy resin systems studied yielded an excellent fit to an empirical equation developed by Dyvik for copolymers. The cure time parameters were found to be a linear function of the weight fractions of each crosslinking agent present. The mechanical properties of the epoxy resins were measured by an in situ dynamic modulus technique which employed the use of a resin-coated metallic substrate.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110202
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The “azotopure” process for treating nitrogen-deficient aqueous wastesPresented at 164th National Meeting of American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y., August 28-31, 1972. (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many chemical and food processing wastes are deficient in nitrogen, and must therefore be supplemented with domestic sewage or ammonia to dispose of them by conventional biological treatment. A more economical treatment, especially of strong wastes, is possible by maintaining a semipure culture of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in a stirred aerated tank. When operated as a chemostat with 4 to 6 hr detention time, removal of 85% of the COD is possible in a single step without the need for clarifiers or digesters. A clarified effluent could also be produced by flotation or sedimentation of the flocculated bacteria. In that case there would be 99% removal of COD and a reduction in the amount of sludge by two-thirds over the conventional activated sludge process.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260150215
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