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  • Chemistry  (51)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small angle X-ray scattering from block polymers. II. The bulk state (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 598-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The basic theory of X-ray scattering is applied to various hypothetical models for the bulk state of block polymers in order to explain the angular dependent scattering. The intensity of scattering is calculated for a rnicellar model, a zone model, and a molecular dumbbell model. The molecular dumbbell model, in contrast to the micellar and zone models, assumes that a block copolymer containing domains may be treated as one giant molecule and that, therefore, the locations of the domains are not random but are governed by the statistics of the segments which interconnect them. Experimental and calculated scattering curves are compared for several different types of block polymers.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170817
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixing characteristics in the torus reactor (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 15 (1992), S. 282-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrodynamic characteristics of propeller-induced toroidal flow in a loop reactor were investigated by performing an RTD analysis. The experimental determination of circulation time allows the calculation of the mean axial velocity with respect to the rotational speed of the impeller. RTD measurements are interpreted with the aid of the dispersion plug flow model, and it is shown that axial dispersion is relatively weak in the torus reactor. The mixing time was also determined experimentally and related to the circulation time. A direct relationship between mixing time and axial dispersion coefficient has been established, leading to a correlation for the mixing time in a torus reactor.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270150412
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetylation of pea isolate in a torus microreactor (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 53 (1997), S. 409-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: acylation ; pea isolate ; plant protein ; torus bioreactor ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acetylation, which acts on the amino groups of proteins, allows to increase the solubility and the emulsifying properties of pea isolate. Acetylation by acetic anhydride was carried out in a torus microreactor in semibatch and continuous conditions. The mixing characteristics, obtained by a residence time distribution (RTD) method, are the same in batch and continuous processes. The maximum acetylation degree reached by the torus reactor is higher than with the stirred reactor. Torus reactors are more efficient than stirred ones as shown by a conversion efficiency, defined by the quantity of modified lysine groups by consumed acetic anhydride. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 53: 409-414, 1997.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of latex in paper coatings by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 333-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS ; ATR ; Paper ; Resolution ; Infrared ; FTIR ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR) has been used to determine the amount of styrene-butadiene latex on the surface of coated papers and to predict the composition of the polymer. Spectrum recording was performed on the sample in its usual form without any modification.For quantitative analysis, partial least squares (PLS) regression, principal component regression (PCR) and multi-linear regression (MLR) were used to calculate models for prediction. The best result is obtained with PLS.We analysed two series of paper samples. The first analysis concerns the measurement of the quantity of latex of a constant quality on the coating surface. For 15 samples the concentration varied between 5 and 25 parts (grams per 100g of mineral pigments). We compared the predictive results at various resolutions. We obtained a relative error of 0.15 parts in latex at 4 cm-1 resolution. The second analysis concerns the measurement of the styrene/butadiene ratio in various types of latex. We obtained a relative error of 0.156 parts for styrene determination and 0.161 parts for butadiene determination.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180080504
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and properties of semicrystalline polymers via high-frequency acoustic and x-ray measurements. I. Ferroelectric P(VDF/TrFE) copolymer (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 31 (1993), S. 505-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: ferroelectric copolymers ; Brillouinspectroscopy ; irradiation ; acoustic properties ; molecular orientation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Acoustic, opto-acoustic, and x-ray investigations have been performed in order to study the influence of irradiation, electrical poling, and mechanical orientation on the morphology of ferroelectric random copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and trifluorethylene {P[VDF/TrFE] (70/30)}. The influences of these different treatments on the molecular orientation distribution of the amorphous and crystalline phases are discussed, as well as their influences on the crystallinity of the material. The elastic stiffness and the related viscosity tensors of P[VDF/TrFE] (70/30), the elastic stiffness modulus of the amorphous matrix, and the hierarchy of stiffness constants of the crystalline state have been determined. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1993.090310501
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nouvelle chambre de diffraction de rayons X pour les fibres (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 337-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: An x-ray diffraction camera, especially adapted for the study of fibers and high polymers, has been designed. By using only pure monochromatic light, obtained by reflection on a crystal of curved quartz (method of Guinier), it is possible to have the sample in a well controlled atmosphere and at a given temperature. The film is separated from the “laboratory-space” and maintained in vacuo. By this technique it was possible to improve considerably the quality of the diagram received.
    Notes: Une chambre de diffraction de rayons X spécialement adaptée à l'étude des fibres et des hauts polymères a été construite. Conçue de façon à utiliser un rayonnement strictement monochromatique obtenu par réflexion sur un cristal de quartz courbé (méthode Guinier), elle permet deplacer l'échantillon dans une atmosphère contrôlée et à une température déterminée. Le film est isolé de “l'espace laboratoire” et est maintenu dans le vide. La qualité des diagrammes a été considérablement améliorée par cette technique.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080307
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydratation de diverses formes polymorphes de la cellulosePresented at the Symposium of the Commission on Macromolecules of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Strasbourg, June 9-11, 1952. (1953)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 10 (1953), S. 223-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: X-ray diffraction experiments confirm the data obtained by the blotting or centrifuging method, concerning the action of water which penetrates at different degrees in the regions of cellulose. Different forms of cellulose are more or less easily accessible. X-rays only show variations of intensity for native cellulose, but the unit cells are changed for lattices II and IIIα; the transformations are still deeper for cellulose IIIβ. X-ray diffraction does not permit determination of the stoichiometric ratios.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1953.120100210
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recherches sur la cellulose III régénérée de l'ammoniac-cellulose (1951)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 7 (1951), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The study of cellulose regenerated from swelled derivatives, obtained by treatment of native cellulose and mercerized cellulose with liquid ammonia, leads to the definition of two corresponding forms which depend on the starting material: cellulose IIIβ and IIIα With water, pattern IIIα gives an enlarged pattern, while pattern IIIβ leads to cellulose II. The links of cellulose IIIα and IIIβ, both of the monoclinic type, show a little difference.
    Notes: L'étude de la cellulose régénérée des composés de gonflement que fournissent avec NH3 liquide la cellulose native et la cellulose mercerisée conduit à la définition de deux formes correspondantes aux matières de départ: les celluloses IIIα et IIIβ. L'action de l'eau fournit avec le réseau IIIα un réseau élargi et avec IIIβ conduit à la cellulose II. Les mailles des celluloses IIIα et IIIβ toutes les deux monocliniques, présentent une petite difference.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1951.120070216
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation des alcali-celluloses en milieu hydroalcooliquePresented at the Symposium of the Commission on Macromolecules of the International Union of Chemistry, Strasbourg, June 9-11, 1952. (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 527-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Water-alcohol-sodium mixtures are the medium which assist, to a high degree, the formation of sodium compounds of cellulose. Na II-cellulose, for example, which in aqueous solution requires sodium concentration of 8 N, forms at 2 N concentration in a water-alcohol-ethyl medium. The nature of the alcohol influences the fixation of the sodium. The points observed furnish a method of research relating to the analysis of the phenomena of sodium fixation.
    Notes: Les mélanges eau-alcool-soude constituent des milieux qui favorisent, à un haut degré, la formation des composés sodés de la cellulose. La Na II-cellulose, par exemple, quiexige la concentration sodique 8 N, en solution aqueuse, se forme à la concentration 2 N dans le mélange eau-alcool-éthylique. La nature de l'alcool possède une influence sur la fixation de la soude. Les faits observés fournissent une voie de recherches en ce qui concerne l'analyse du phénomène de la fixation sodique.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120090607
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ quantitative soft x-ray spectrometry of thin films synthesized by DC sputtering (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 22 (1994), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Spectrometry of the soft x-ray emitted by the growing film or its substrate during sputtering is used to monitor the film synthesis: determination of native oxide on the substrates, film stoichiometry versus experimental conditions, control of oxygen content during nitride synthesis, etc. Quantitative data can be obtained by using a simple exponential profile for the ionization function.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740220138
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