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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 44 (1994), S. 609-616 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: stem cells ; bone marrow ; ex vivo expansion ; perfusion culture ; hematopoiesis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The establishment of prolific long-term human bone marrow cultures has led to the development of hematopoietic bioreactor systems. A single batch expansion of bone marrow mononuclear cell populations leads to a 10- to 30-fold increase in total cell number and in the number of colony forming units-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GMs), and a four- to tenfold increase in the number of long-term culture initiating cells (LTC-ICs). In principle, unlimited expansion of cells should be attainable from a pool of stem cells if all the necessary requirements leading to stem cell maintenance and division are met. In this article, we take the first step toward the identification of factors that limit single batch expansion of ex vivo bone marrow cells in perfusion-based bioreactor systems. One possible constraint is the size of the growth surface area required. This constraint can be overcome by harvesting half the cell population periodically. We found that harvesting cells every 3 to 4 days, beginning on day 11 of culture, led to an extended growth period. Overall calculated cell expansion exceeded 100-fold and the CFU-GM expansion exceeded 30-fold over a 27-day period. These calculated values are based on growth that could be obtained from the harvested cell population. Growth of the adherent cell layer was stable, whereas the nonadherent cell population diminished with increasing number of passages. These results show that the bioreactor protocols published to date are suboptimal for long-term cultivation, and that further definition and refinement is likely to lead to even greater expansion of hematopoietic cell populations obtained from bone marrow. More importantly, these results show that the LTC-IC measured during the single pass expansion do have further expansion potential that can be realized by frequent harvesting. Finally, the present culture conditions provide a basis for an assay system for the identifications provide a basis for an assay system for the identification of the factors that determine the long-term maintenance and replication of human stem cells ex vivo. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42 (1993), S. 909-930 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: tissue engineering ; hematopoiesis ; review ; bioreactors ; transplantation ; scaleup ; cell culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reconstruction of functioning human tissues ex vivo is becoming an important part of biotechnology. There are compelling scientific, clinical, and biotechnological reasons for fully or partially reconstituting human tissues such as skin, bone marrow, and liver ex vivo. In particular, bone marrow is a tissue of much importance, and there are significant societal and health benefits derived from a successfully constructed ex vivo hematopoietic system. In this article, we review the current status of this effort. The topics covered include the current understanding of the biology of human hematopoiesis, the motivation for reconstructing it ex vivo, the current state of ex vivo human hematopoietic cultures, the development of important metrics to judge culture performance, and an approach based on in vivo mimetics to accomplish this goal. We discuss some applications of functional ex vivo hematopoietic cultures and the biological and engineering challenges that face research in this area. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bone marrow ; hematopoiesis ; perfusion ; culture optimization ; stroma ; stem cells ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hematopoiesis, the formation of mature blood cells from stem (LTC-IC) and progenitor (CFU-GM) cells in the bone marrow, is a complex tissue-forming process that leads to many important physiological functionalities. Consequently, a functioning ex vivo hematopoietic system has a variety of basic scientific and clinical uses. The design and operation of such a system presents the tissue engineer with challenges and choices. In this study, three culture variables were used to control ex vivo human hematopoiesis. Systematic variation of inoculum density (ID), medium exchange interval (MEI), and the use of preformed stroma (PFS) showed that (1) all three variables significantly influenced culture performance, (2) the three variables interacted strongly, and (3) the variables could be manipulated to achieve the optimization of different performance criteria. Donor-to-donor variability in culture performance was great at low ID but was minimized at higher ID. PFS had a large positive effect on cell and CFU-GM output at low ID, but had minimal effect at higher ID. In fact, PFS caused a decrease in LTC-IC output at high ID. The effects of PFS indicated that stromal cell elements became more limiting than proliferative cell elements as ID was reduced.In cultures without PFS, maximum cell output was obtained with high ID using a short MEI, whereas the greatest cell expansion ratio was obtained at low ID with an intermediate MEI. Maximum CFU-GM output was obtained from cultures with high ID using a short to intermediate MEI, whereas the greatest CFU-GM expansion ratio was obtained at intermediate ID with an intermediate MEI. The addition of PFS altered the locations of these maxima. In general, PFS moved the maxima to lower ID, and culture output became more sensitive to MEI. Therefore, the optimization of one performance criterion always resulted in a decline of the others. This study demonstrates that ex vivo tissue function is sensitive to many culture variables in an interactive fashion and that systematic multivariable studies are required to characterize tissue function. Once the effects of individual variables and their interactions are known, this knowledge can be used to optimize tissue performance with respect to desired criteria. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 52 (1996), S. 24-33 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: unilineage model ; tissue function ex vivo ; hematopoiesis ; stem cell expansion ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Stem cell models are used to describe the function of several tissues. We present unilineage kinetic description of stem cell models and their application to the analysis of ex vivo hematopoietic cell expansion data. This model has the capability to simulate the total cell number and the number of cells at each stage of differentiation over time as a function of the stem cell self-renewal probability, the growth rate of each subpopulation, and the mature cell death rate. The model predicts experimental observations in perfusion-based hematopoietic bioreactor systems. To obtain net cell expansion ex vivo, the model simulations show that the stem cell self-renewal probability must exceed one-half, thus resulting in net expansion of the stem cell population. Experimental data on long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) confirm this prediction and the probability of self-renewal is estimated to be 0.62 to 0.73. This self-renewal probability, along with the death rate, define a relationship in which the apparent overall growth rate is less than the compartmental growth rate. Finally, the model predicts that cells beyond the stem cell stage of differentiation must self-renew to achieve the level of expansion within the time frame observed in experimental systems. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental details are given for the interfacial polycondensation of thirteen polyamides having widely different structures. The method involves the fast, room-temperature reaction in a two-phase system between diamines and diacid chlorides. Aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic reactants, primary and secondary diamines, and many reactants containing other functional groups are all operable. The preparations illustrate a variety of procedural modifications and point up the simplicity, rapidity, and broad applicability of the method.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 96 (1963), S. 93-113 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ein neues Darstellungsverfahren für 2-Aryl-Δ1- payrroline bzw. 2-Aryl-Δ1-piperideine durch Umsetzung von γ- bzw. δ-Aminosäuren mit aliphatischen Phenol- oder Thiophenol-äthern oder mit Phenolen in Polyphosphorsäure wird beschrieben.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 695-702 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Systematic approach to basic solutions for the separation of materials - A contribution to the methodology of design. It is of importance in the systematic conceptualization and development of technical systems that physical and other processes occurring in these systems can be attributed to a particular number of unit operations. One of these unit operations is the “separation of materials”, which is especially important in the development of chemical engineering equipment. Collection of all physical effects (phenomena) contributing to a unit operation and classification thereof in a system according to certain criteria provides an excellent aid for fast and comprehensive description of possible solutions of a particular design task. This article presents such a system of effects and basic solutions for the task “separation of materials”.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 40 (1968), S. 138-138 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 39 (1996), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: starch ; poly-3-hydroxybutyrate ; biodegradable polymers ; mechanical properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structure and mechanical properties of melt-pressed sheets of bacterially produced poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHB/HV) filled with various amounts of particulate maize starch granules have been investigated. The experimental methods included stress-strain measurements, differential thermal analysis to determine heats of fusion and melting temperatures, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy to obtain information on crystallization behaviour and spherulite growth.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Solid-state NMR, 29Si, 1H, 23Na ; sodium silicate hydrates ; glass formation ; melting process ; structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperaturvariable 1H-, 23Na- und 29Si-MAS-NMR Untersuchungen an Natriumsilicathydraten der Zusammensetzung Na2O · SiO2 · nH2O (n = 9, 6, 5): Lokalstruktur in Kristallen, Schmelzen, unterkühlten Schmelzen und GläsernDie Lokalstruktur in Kristallen, Schmelzen, unterkühlten Schmelzen und Gläsern von Natriumsilicathydraten der Zusammensetzung Na2O · SiO2 · nH2O (n = 9, 6, 5) wird mittels temperaturvariabler 1H-, 23Na- und 29Si-MAS-NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Detaillierte in-situ Untersuchungen des Schmelzprozesses der kristallinen Hydrate zeigen die Bedeutung der Beweglichkeit der Wassermoleküle für den Schmelzmechanismus. In Abhängigkeit von der lokalen Umgebung zeigen kristallographisch unterschiedliche Natriumpositionen ein unterschiedliches Verhalten während des Schmelzprozesses. Die monomeren Silicatanionen der kristallinen Hydrate kondensieren während des Schmelzens zu oligomeren Anionen. Bei Abkühlung der Schmelzen tritt keine Rekristallisation, sondern Glasbildung auf, wenn die Schmelzen zuvor ca. 10 K über den Schmelzpunkt erhitzt werden. Wie in den Schmelzen werden in den Gläsern ebenfalls oligomere Silicatanionen beobachtet, die jedoch einen erhöhten Anteil an cyclotrimeren Spezies enthalten. Durch Kombination von in-situ MAS-NMR-Untersuchungen und Messungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit an den Schmelzen, unterkühlten Schmelzen und Gläsern wird eine Aufteilung in drei Temperaturbereiche vorgeschlagen, die durch Unterschiede in der Lokalstruktur und Dynamik der Natriumkationen, Wassermoleküle und Silicatanionen charakterisiert sind. Diese Bereiche umfassen einen Glas- und Transformationsbereich A bei tiefer Temperatur, einen Aggregationsbereich B bei mittleren Temperaturen und einen Lösungs- bzw. Elektrolytbereich C bei höheren Temperaturen. Im Bereich B wird eine Aggregation von hydratisierten Natriumkationen zu höheren Polykationenkomplexen angenommen, deren Beweglichkeit sich deutlich von der der Silicatanionen unterscheidet. Eine Bildung von langlebigen Kontaktionenpaaren zwischen Natriumkationen und Silicatanionen wird deshalb in diesem Temperaturbereich ausgeschlossen.
    Notes: The local structure in crystals, melts, supercooled melts, and glasses of sodium silicate hydrates of composition Na2O · SiO2 · nH2O (n = 9, 6, 5) is studied by variable temperature 1H, 23Na, and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy. Detailed in situ investigations on the melting process of the crystalline materials reveal the importance of H2O motion in the melting mechanism. Depending on the local coordination, crystallographically distinct Na sites show different behaviour during the melting process. Upon melting, the monomer silicate anions present in the crystalline hydrates undergo condensation reactions to oligomeric silicate anions. No recrystallization but glass formation occurs at low temperature if the melts were heated initially about 10 K above the melting point. In the glasses also oligomeric silicate anions are present with a preference for cyclotrimer species. In situ MAS NMR investigations and electric conductivity measurements of the melts, supercooled melts, and glasses suggest the distinction of three temperature ranges characterized by different local structure and dynamics of the sodium cations, water and silicate anions. These ranges comprise a glass and glass transition range A at low temperatures, an aggregation region B at intermediate temperatures, and a solution or electrolyte region C at high temperatures. In region B aggregation of sodium water complexes to hydrated polycation clusters is suggested, the dynamic behaviour of which is clearly different to that of the silicate anions, indicating that no long-lived contact ion pairs between sodium cations and silicate anions are formed.
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