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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption of carbon monoxide on activated carbon impregnated with metal halide (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 422-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Activated carbon was impregnated with a metal halide, and adsorption and desorption characteristics of CO on the carbon were measured by fixed-bed runs. It was found that the impregnation of PdCl2 or CuCl effectively increases CO absorption. PdCl2/CuCl-impregnated carbons were characterized by N2 adsorption, SEM, EPMA, and XPS. Adsorption isotherms of CO were also measured on these carbons, and the influence of the loading of impregnant on CO adsorption was experimentally elucidated. A selection procedure of impregnant was proposed based on the frontier orbital theory. The perturbation energy for molecular orbital mixing was estimated by the HOMO - LUMO interaction. CO adsorption on impregnated carbons was qualitatively interpreted using the perturbation energy, and the energy was regarded as an index of impregnant selection.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420212
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone by Gluconobacter melanogenusSee refs. 3, 4, and 5 for previous papers in this series. (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 349-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growing cultures, washed cells, and cell-free extracts of Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 were found to convert L-sorbose to L-sorbosone. The product was identified by thin layer chromatography of the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, and by paper partition chromatography using chemically prepared materials as standards. Factors influencing the conversion included incubation temperature and composition of the growth medium. Addition of betaine or choline to the growing cultures stimulated conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260170305
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization of vinyl chloride with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1669-1680 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Copolymerization of vinyl chloride with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was carried out at various temperatures, and the properties of the copolymers obtained by the emulsion copolymerization at low temperature were examined. In the case of bulk copolymerization at temperatures higher than room temperature, the rate of polymerization, the equilibrium conversion, and [η] were lowered with increasing content of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in the initial monomer mixture, but the Tg and softening point of the copolymers containing about 15% of 1,2-dichloroethylene unit were about 10°C. higher than these of conventional PVC resin, in spite of their inability to form films. The monomer reactivity ratios at 50°C. were 5.39 (VC) and 0.072 (trans-DCE). Emulsion copolymerization was carried out at -30°C. with the use of a redox initiator system (hydrogen peroxide-ferrous sulfate-ascorbic acid), in order to increase both the [η] and the rate of polymerization. The copolymers prepared at low temperature had higher Tg and better solubility than the VC homopolymer polymerized at the same condition or conventional PVC resin. The results of the infrared absorption spectra, the solubilities, and the calculation of sequence length of VC monomer unit in the polymer chain indicated that the stereoregularity and the crystallinity of the low temperature copolymers were lower than those of the low temperature VC homopolymers. It was concluded that higher Tg and good solubility of the low temperature copolymer were brought about by the prevention of the free rotation of the polymer chain by the random distribution of 1,2-dichloroethylene units in the polymer chain.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090506
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of microbial flotation using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for pyrite suppression (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 41 (1993), S. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ; bacterial adhesion ; flotation ; coal ; pyrite ; desulfurization ; ore dressing ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microbial desulfurization might be developed as a new process for the removal of pyrite sulfur from coal sluries such as coal-water mixture (CWM). An application of iron-oxidizing bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to flotation would shorten the periods of the microbial removal of pyrite from some weeks by leaching methods to a few minutes. The floatability of pyrite in flotation was mainly reduced by T. ferrooxidans itself rather than by other microbial substances in bacterial culture as additive of flotation liquor. Floatability was suppressed within a few seconds by bacterial contact. The suppression was proportional to increasing the number of cells observed between bacterial adhesion and the suppression of floatability. If 25% of the total pyrite surface area covered with the bacteria, pyrite floatability would be completely depressed. Bacteria that lost their iron-oxidizing activities by sodium cyanide treatment were also able to adhere to pyrite and reduced pyrite floatability as much as normal bacteria did. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270, T-1, 9, and 11, which had different iron-oxidizing abilities, suppressed floatability to similar-levels. The oxidizing ability of bacteria did not influence the suppressing effect. These results showed the mechanism of the suppression of pyrite floatability by bacteria. Quick bacterial adhesion to pyrite induced floatability suppression by changing the surface property from hydrophobic. The quick adhesion of the bacterium was the novel function which worked to change the surface property of pyrite to remove it from coal. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260410611
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repeated batch production of L-phenylalanine from phenylpyruvate and NH4Cl by immobilized cells of Nocardia opaca under hydrogen high pressure (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 31 (1988), S. 834-840 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Among various microbial cells examined under screening conditions, Nocardia opaca showed the highest activity for production of phenylalanine from phenylpyruvate. Here NH4Cl as well as amino acids were used as an amino donor for phenylalanine production. The phenylalanine production rate increased with increasing hydrogen pressure. The specific activity of phenylalanine dehydrogenase was increased by culturing N. opaca cells in nutrient broth containing 0.3% phenylalanine. As a result, the phenylalanine production rate increased from 0.69 to 4.4 μmol/min g dry cells. Immobilized cells were activated in nutrient broth containing ZnCl2 before phenylalanine production. Phenylalanine dehydrogenase activity and cell number in the gel increased with increasing incubation time, and the maximum phenylalanine dehydrogenase activity was obtained at 36 h incubation. Then, phenylalanine was produced from phenylpyruvate, NH4Cl, and 100 atm H2 with the activated immobilized cells. The rate of phenylalanine production was 0.24 μmol/min cm3 gel. The conversion of phenylpyruvate to phenylalanine was 82%. Immobilized cells retained 76% of the initial phenylalanine production rate after 10 h reactions were repeated 11 times with two intervening reactivations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260310811
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homochiral and heterochiral dimers of the methylzinc alkoxide formed from dimethylzinc and enantiomeric 3-exo-(dimethylamino)isoborneol - origin of the distinct differences in solution-phase behavior and crystal structures (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 2 (1996), S. 1173-1181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: ab initio calculations ; asymmetric alkylations ; catalysis ; structure ; elucidation ; zinc complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dimethylzinc reacts with (2S)-or (2R)-3-exo-(dimethylamino)isoborneol [(2S)- or (2R)-DAIB] to eliminate methane and produce a tricoordinate methylzinc aminoalkoxide, which forms a dimeric structure. The homochiral dimerization of the enantiomeric compound leads to the chiral, (S,S) or (R,R) dinuclear Zn complex, while the heterochiral interaction forms the meso (S,R) dinuclear compound. In both solution and crystalline state, the heterochiral dimer is more stable than the homochiral dimer. This stability difference in solution is the origin of the chirality amplification observed in the amino alcohol promoted asymmetric addition of dimethylzinc to benzaldehyde. In toluene, the homochiral dimer dissociates more readily into the monomer than the heterchiral isomer and also undergoes dissociation of the N-Zn dative bond making the two N-methyl groups equivalent. The differences in solution behavior between the diastereomers can be understood by comparing their crystal structures. X-ray analysis indicates that the labile Zn-O and Zn-N bonds in the (S,S) dimer are longer than those in the (S,R) isomer. Skeletal congestion caused by the polycyclic framework is the prime factor determining the properties of the dinuclear Zn complexes, with both steric and electronic factors governing their geometries. The distances between the C-2 proton and N-CH3 of the other DAIB moiety in the homochiral dimer are close to the sum of the van der Waals radii. A significant nuclear Overhauser effect is seen between these protons in the homochiral dimer. The tetrahedral Zn atoms in the dinuclear complexes are linked covalently to the methyl group, to two oxygen atoms through covalent/electrostatic hybrid bonds, and to the dimethylamino group through electrostatic interaction. The repulsive interaction of the 1, 3-synoriented Zn-CH3 bonds significantly contributes to the lower stability of the homochiral dimeric complex. The N-Zn interaction in the homochiral dimer is labile, owing to the increase in the electrostatic interaction between the Zn atom and the neighboring oxygen atoms. This view is supported by the ab initio molecular orbital calculations of the model systems.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.1460020919
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal degradation of glycosides, II. Thermal effect on acetates of typical triterpenoid and steroid glycosides (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1988 (1988), S. 775-779 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermische Zersetzung von Glycosiden, II. - Thermischer Effekt auf Acetate von typischen Triterpenoid- und SteroidglycosidenDer thermische Effekt auf Acetate von Triterpenoid- und Steroidglycosiden wurde untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu den freien Glycosiden war keine Spaltungsreaktion der Zucker-Aglycon- und Zucker-Zucker-Bindung beim Erhitzen der Acetate von typischen Triterpenoid- und Steroidglycosiden (einschließlich Herzglycosiden) auf dem Schmelzpunktsapparat festzustellen, und es wurden keine Aglycone oder Prosapogenine erhalten. Jedoch wurden zwei interessante und nützliche Reaktionen im Laufe der Thermolyse von Herzglycosidacetaten beobachtet. Unter Berücksichtigung des thermischen Effektes auf Glycosidacetate und ihre FD-Massen-Spektren ließ sich ein wichtiger Vorschlag zum Mechanismus der FD-Massen-Fragmentation der glycosidischen Verknüpfung erhalten.
    Notes: The termal effect on acetates of triterpenoid and steroid glycosides was examined. Contrary to the case of free glycosides, on heating the acetates of typical triterpenoid and steroid glycosides (including cardiac glycosides) on a melting point apparatus the cleavage reactions of sugar-aglycone and sugar-sugar linkage did not take place, and no aglycones or prosapogenins were obtained. However, two interesting and useful reactions did occur in the course of thermolysis of cardiac glycoside acetates. By taking into account the thermal effect on the glycoside acetates, and their FD mass spectra, an important suggestion on the mechanism of FD mass fragmentation of the glycosidic linkage was obtained.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.198819880812
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Degradation of Glycosides, IV. Degradation of flavonoid glycosides (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1991 (1991), S. 1285-1289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Degradation, thermal ; Glycosides ; Flavonoid glycosides ; FDMS fragmentation ; Carbohydrates ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By mere heating, the flavone (1, 7), flavanone (4, 10), and flavonol glycosides (13, 14) are converted into their aglycones and monoglycosides. The products of pyrolysis have been isolated by chromatography and their structures elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The compound derived from the sugar moiety in the pyrolysis of glucosides has been identified as levoglucosan (17). From the structures of some minor products (16, 18, 19), generated by the thermal degradation, a mechanism of their generation and the elucidation of the structures of rearranged ions (for example [M + 146 + H]+), often generated in the FD-mass spectra of glycosides, are presented.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.1991199101221
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Degradation of Glycosides, I. Degradation of Typical Triterpenoid and Steroid Glycosides (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1986 (1986), S. 638-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermische Zersetzung von Glycosiden, I.  -  Zersetzung typischer Triterpenoid- und SteroidglycosideDie thermische Zersetzung von Triterpenoid- und Steroidglycosiden wird beschrieben. Schon beim einfachen Erhitzen auf dem Schmelzpunktsapparat liefern typische Triterpenoid-und Steroidglycoside (einschließlich Herzglycoside und basische Steroidglycoside) ihre Aglycone und Prosapogenine durch Spaltung der Zucker-Aglycon- und Zucker-Zucker-Bindung, wie man es auch bei saurer und enzymatischer Hydrolyse beobachtet. Einige säurelabile, genuine Aglycone wurden ebenfalls nach dieser Methode erhalten. Die pyrolysierten Produkte ließen sich durch Chromatographie isolieren, und ihre Strukturen wurden spektroskopisch ermittelt.
    Notes: The thermal degradation of triterpenoid and steroid glycosides is described. By mere heating on a melting point apparatus, typical triterpenoid and steroid glycosides (involving cardiac and basic steroid glycosides) afford their aglycones and prosapogenins with the cleavage of their sugar-aglycone and sugar-sugar linkages similar to acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. Some genuine aglycones which were labile towards acids were also obtained by this procedure. The pyrolyzed products were isolated by chromatography, and the structures were elucidated by spectroscopic evidences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.198619860405
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct carboxylation reaction of methane with CO by a Yb(OAc)3/Mn(OAc)2/NaClO/H2O catalytic system under very mild conditions (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: carboxylation ; methane ; carbon monoxide ; ytterbium(III) acetate ; manganese(II) acetate ; sodium hypochlorite ; acetic acid ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method of synthesis of acetic acid in water has been developed from the carboxylation of methane with carbon monoxide using lanthanide catalysts. Ytterbium(III) acetate has been found to be the most active catalyst among the compounds of the lanthanide series in the carboxylation reaction of methane with carbon monoxide. Sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide was used as the oxidant in this reaction. Sodium hypochlorite exhibited more favorable activity than hydrogen peroxide in the reaction. The catalytic activity was improved by the addition of transition-metal salts such as manganese(II) acetate. The best result has been found at a ratio of manganese(II) acetate to ytterbium(III) acetate of 1:10. The optimum reaction conditions (reaction temperature, 40 °C; time, 20 h; methane, 20 atm; carbon monoxide, 5 atm) have been obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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