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  • Chemistry  (19)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 32 (1973), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 19 (1981), S. 43-47 
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 40 (1990), S. 1223-1235 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermo-sensitive polymeric beads were synthesized by inverse suspension polymerization of aqueous monomer solution containing N-acryloylpyrrolidine (APR) and N,N′-methylenebisacryl-amide (MBA : crosslinking agent). The polymerization conditions such as dispersion medium, dispersing agent, monomer, and initiator concentration were investigated. Fine spherical gels with diameter of 50-500μm were obtained in high yield. The swelling volume of these gels in water continually decreased by raising atmospheric temperature and vice versa. The degree of swelling increased for the gels synthesized with lower degree of crosslinking or with lower monomer concentration at polymerization. The degree of swelling was high in water and alcohols, but the gels swelled even in nonpolar organic solvents, although the degree of swelling was low. The pore radius distribution of the gels was determined by aqueous size exclusion chromatographic method to investigate relations between pore characteristics of the gels and polymerization conditions. Monomer concentration had large effect on pore size, porosity, and pore volume of the gels. On the other hand, degree of crosslinking had little effect on these pore characteristics.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 621-629 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly{1-[3-(9-carbazolyl)propylaminocarbonyl]äthylen} {Poly[N-(3-acryloylaminopropyl)carbazole]} (6) wurde durch radikalische Polymerisation des entsprechenden Monomers 5 hergestellt. Aus Copolymerisationsversuchen von 5 (M1) und Styrol (M2) wurden sowohl die Copolymerisationsparameter r1 und r2 als auch die Q-e Werte für 5 erhalten (r1 = 0,13±0,08, r2 = 3,47±0,12; Q = 0,18, e = 0,10). Das Fluoreszenzspektrum von 6 ist mit demjenigen der Modellsubstanz N-(3-Isobutyrylaminopropyl)carbazole (2) fast identisch, was auf die Abwesenheit von intramolekularen Excimeren im Polymer 6 hindeutet. Die Stabilitätskonstanten K der aus 6 oder 2 und 2,4,7-Trinitrofluorenon (TNF) gebildeten Chargetransfer-Komplexe wurden in Dichlorethan bei 20°C, unter den Bedingungen, daß [6] oder [2]≫[TNF] und 6 oder 2≪[TNF], ermittelt. Die Werte sind K = 4,9 bzw. 5,2 dm3mol-1 für 2, wenn [2]≫[TNF] bzw. [2]≪[TNF], und 16dm3mol-1 für 6, wenn [6]≫[TNF]. Das Polymer 6 fallt jedoch aus, wenn [6]≪[TNF]. Zum Vergleich wurde auch die Chargetransfer-Bildung von Poly[1-(9-carbazolyl)äthylen] [Poly(N-vinylcarb azol)] (1) mit TNF unter denselben Bedingungen untersucht, wobei dieselben Werte für K gefunden wurden, wenn [1]≫[TNF] und [1]≪[TNF]. Zur Erklärung kann man annehmen, daß sich bei 6 sandwichartige Chargetransfer-Komplexe bilden, wahrend sich bei 1 keine derartigen Komplexe bilden können, da aus Platzmangel zwischen die Carbazolyl-Gruppen in 1 kein TNF-Molekül eingesetzt werden kann.
    Notes: A new carbazole polymer, poly{1-[3-(9-carbazolyl)propylaminocarbonyl]ethylene} {poly[N-(3-acryloylaminopropyl)carbazole]} (6) was prepared by radical polymerization of N-(3-acryloylaminopropyl)carbazole (5). Copolymerization of 5 (M1) with styrene (M2) provided the monomer reactivity ratios r1 = 0,13±0,08 and r2 = 3,47±0,12. The Q-e values of 5 were calculated as Q1 = 0,18 and e1 = +0,10. Fluorescence spectra of 6 and N-(3-isobutyrylaminopropyl)carbazole (2), prepared as a monomer model compound, were nearly identical, indicating the absence of intramolecular excimer formation for 6. The stability constants (K) of the charge transfer complexes of 6 and 2 with 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF) were determined in 1,2-dichloroethane at 20°C under the conditions of both [6] or [2]≫[TNF] and [6] or [2]≪[TNF]. The values of K were 4,9 and 5,2dm3 mol-1 for 2 when [2]≫[TNF] and [2]≪[TNF], respectively, and 16dm3 mol-1 for 6 when [6]≫[TNF]. The polymer 6 precipitated, however, when [6]≪[TNF]. As a reference, charge transfer complex formation of poly[1-(9-carbazolyl)-ethylene] [poly(N-vinylcarbazole)] [1] with TNF was studied under the same conditions. The values of K for 1 were identical when [1]≫[TNF] and [TNF]. These results were explained by assuming a sandwich-type charge transfer complex for 6, but not for 1. The space between the carbazolyl groups in 1 would be too small to accomodate a TNF molecule between the chromophores.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28 (1990), S. 2597-2607 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: N-phenyl-α-methylene-β-lactam (PML), a cyclic analog of N,N-disubstituted methacrylamides which do not undergo radical homopolymerization, was synthesized and polymerized with α,α′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) in solution. Poly (PML) (PPML) is readily soluble in tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, pyridine, and polar aprotic solvents but insoluble in toluene, ethyl acetate, and methanol. PPML obtained by radical initiation is highly syndiotactic (rr = 92%), exhibits a glass transition at 180°C, and loses no weight upto 330°C in nitrogen. The kinetics of PML homo-polymerization with AIBN was investigated in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The rate of polymerization (Rp) can be expressed by Rp = k[AIBN]0.55[PML]1.2 and the overall activation energy has been calculated to be 87.3 kJ/mol. Monomer reactivity ratios in copolymerization of PML (M2) with styrene (M1) are r1 = 0.67 and r2 = 0.41, from which Q and e values of PML are calculated as 0.60 and 0.33, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995), S. 1059-1067 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: radical polymerization ; methyl trans-β-vinylacrylate ; kinetics propagation radical ; monomer reactivity ratios ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methyl trans-β-vinylacrylate (MVA) undergoes radical polymerization with α,α′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) in bulk and solution. The polymer obtained consists of 85% trans-1,4 and 15% trans-3,4 units. Poly(MVA) (PMVA) is readily soluble in common organic solvents, but insoluble in n-hexane and petroleum ether. PMVA exhibits a glass transition at 60°C, and loses no weight up to 300°C in nitrogen. The kinetics of MVA homopolymerization with AIBN was investigated in benzene. The rate of polymerization (Rp) can be expressed by Rp = k[AIBN]0.5[MVA]1.0, and the overall activation energy has been calculated to be 94 kJ/mol. The propagation radical of MVA at 80°C was detected by ESR spectroscopy, which indicated that the unpaired electron of the propagating radical was completely delocalized over the three allyl carbons. Furthermore, the steady-state concentration of the propagating radical of MVA at 60°C was determined by ESR spectroscopy, and the propagation rate constant (kp) was calculated to be 1.25 X 102 L/mol ·s. Monomer reactivity ratios in copolymerization of MVA (M2) with styrene (M1) are r1 = 0.16 and r2 = 4.9, from which Q and e values of MVA are calculated as 4.2 and -0.32, respectively. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 24 (1986), S. 955-964 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alternating copolymers of styrene (St) with electron-deficient olefins trisubstituted or tetrasubstituted with cyano and carboalkoxy groups have been subjected to 60Co γ-radiolysis together with a series of copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and St. The chain scission susceptibility Gs - Gx determined by membrane osmometry drastically decreases as St is incorporated in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Whereas the alternating St-MMA copolymer is slightly crosslinked upon irradiation, an alternating copolymer of St with diethyl 2-cyano-1,1-ethylenedicarboxylate maintains a fairly high degradation sensitivity (Gs - Gx = 1.2). The reactive-ion etch rates were determined for the series of polymers in CF4/O2 (92/8). The etch resistance is significantly increased by introduction of St units in PMMA, and the highly substituted alternating copolymer etches as slowly as the MMA(50) - St(50) copolymers. Thus the alternating copolymer of NCCH=C(CO2Et)2 with St behaves like PMMA when exposed to high-energy radiation but is comparable to PSt in plasma environments.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2871-2881 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alternating copolymers of styrene with β-carboalkoxy-substituted t-butyl α-cyanoacrylates undergo facile deesterification at 150-190°C, about 60°C below the deprotection temperature of poly(t-butyl methacrylate), and decarboxylation at 170-200°C. When the β-substituent is a methyl ester, the two events are clearly separated, with the deesterification occurring at a maximum rate at 165°C and decarboxylation at 193°C. Anhydride formation is negligible in this case. The copolymer with t-butyl cyanofumarate exhibits simultaneous deesterification and decarboxylation events at 180°C with concomitant minor dehydration.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29 (1991), S. 1779-1787 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: α-methyleneindane ; tacticities ; monomer reactivity ratios ; exo-methylene cyclic monomers ; depropagation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: α-Methyleniedane (MI), a cyclic analog of α-methylstyrene which does not undergo radical homopolymerization under standard conditions, was synthesized and subjected to radical, cationic, and anionic polymerizations. MI undergoes radical polymerization with α,α′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) in contrast to α-methylstyrene, owing to its reduced steric hindrance, though the polymerization is slow even in bulk. Cationic and anionic polymerization of MI with BF3OEt2 and n-butyllithium, respectively, proceed rapidly. The thermal degradation behavior of the polymer depends on the polymerization conditions. The anionic and radical polymers are heteortactic-rich. Reactivity ratios in bulk radical copolymerization on MI (M2) with methacrylate (MMA, M1) were determined at 60°C (r1 = 0.129 and r2 = 1.07). In order to clarify the copolymerization mechanism, radical copolymerization of MI with MMA was investigated in bulk at temperatures ranging from 50 to 80°C. The Mayo-Lewis equation has been found to be inadequate to describe the result due to depolymerization of MI sequences above 70°C.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29 (1991), S. 1001-1013 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Isopropenyl t-butyl ketone (IPTBK) does not undergo radical homopolymerization and its anionic polymerization is a slow equilibrium process with a low ceiling temperature, which is due to its limited conjugation imposed by steric hindrance. Equimolar reactions of IPTBK with several anionic initiators were carried out, products isolated and identified by 1H-and 13C-NMR, and product distributions determined by GC. While n-butyllithium and phenyllithium preferentially produce allyl alcohols, Grignard reagents predominantly undergo β-addition to produce mono-adducts, and a significant amount of dimers. t-Butyllithium and t-butylmagnesium chloride provide the cleanest β-addition with minimal dimer formation and no carbonyl addition. However, Grignard reagent do not yield a polymer. The 1:1 reaction mixture of IPTBK with t-butyllithium is very stable at 0°C, providing a methyl-terminated mono-adduct quantitatively when quenched with methyl iodide after 29 h. Addition of a second IPTBK to the mono-adduct anion appears to be affected by the low ceiling temperature. Although t-butyllithium can efficiently reduce as well as add to di-t-butyl ketone, such reactions are minor in the presence of IPTBK. Anionic polymerization of IPTBK with t-butyllithium was carried out under several conditions. The 1:1 model reactions and the lack of acidic hydrogens in its structure suggest that anionic polymerization of IPTBK with t-butyllithium may be “living.” The molecular weight distribution of the polymers ranged from 1.1 to 1.6 with the number-average molecular weight varying from 2,800 to 233,500. Group transfer polymerization of IPTBK produced only a six-membered lactone.
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