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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial mass and heat transfer during evaporation: II. Effect of monomolecular films on natural convection in water (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 17 (1971), S. 137-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reduction in evaporation from a water substrate and the accompanying change in heat transport through the water induced by monolayers of cetyl alcohol and stearic acid are investigated. Evaporation resistance of the monolayer and Nusselt number in the water are determined at 2° to 22°C. The evaporation resistance increases with increasing surface pressure of the monolayer. In the presence of natural convection in the water, the Nusselt number decreases during monolayer compression. This reduction is larger than could be expected just from the lowered evaporative heat flux and the resulting reduction in the Rayleigh number. It may be due to a change in the surface hydrodynamic characteristics caused by the monolayer.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690170128
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absolute evaporation rates for some polar and nonpolar liquids (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 454-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method was developed for providing continuously wiped and, therefore, clean liquid surfaces in vacuo. By means of a mass spectrometer detector, the absolute evaporation flux from such clean surfaces was measured for diethylene glycol, glycerine, dibutyl phthalate, and oleic acid. The molecular flux from equilibrium vapor was also measured by the same detector. The ratio of the former to the latter, the evaporation coefficient, was found in each case to be close to unity and independent of the temperature.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690230408
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial mass and heat transfer during evaporation: I. An experimental technique and some results with a clean water surface (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 17 (1971), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A vacuum sweeper probe of a type introduced by previous investigators was evaluated for use in the study of heat and mass transfer during evaporation. A simple theory of the probe behavior was formulated and checked by experimental measurements over a substantial range of operating conditions. The results revealed that in the interpretation of experimental data the validity of some assumptions usually made is strongly dependent upon seemingly minor features of probe construction and operation. Errors as large as 200% were encountered when the gas flow distribution in the probe was not symmetrical. Consequently, some results now in the literature are open to question.To test the technique and theory as well as to introduce a subsequent study of the effect of monolayers on evaporation, the evaporation rate from a clean water surface was measured over a temperature range of 2° to 22°C. The role of natural convection was clearly reflected in the increase of Nusselt number as the water bulk temperature passed through the density inversion at 4°C. A relation between Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers was determined and found to be consistent with earlier results of others.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690170127
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification to the Higashi model for surface diffusion (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 19 (1973), S. 1052-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690190529
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface diffusion of stearic acid on aluminum oxide (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 735-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By means of infrared internal reflection spectroscopy we measured the time dependence of the surface concentration of stearic acid molecules over a well defined region of the surface. The molecules were diffusing into this region from a source comprising a compressed monolayer or bulk crystalline material outside the field of view. By these measurements in conjunction with solutions to the diffusion equations we determined the diffusion coefficient Ds of stearic acid on the (0001) plane of α-alumina. We also determined the dependence of Ds upon the amount of water coadsorbed on the surface. When the surface was free of reversibly adsorbed water, Ds had a value of about 2 × 10-7 cm2/s. As the surface coverage of coadsorbed water increased to about a monolayer Ds increased to a maximum value of about 4 × 10-5 cm2/s. With further additions of surface water Ds then decreased and became less than 10-8 cm2/s at coverages slightly less than about two monolayers. In the region of its maximum value the temperature dependence of Ds indicated an activation energy for the diffusion process of about 26 kcal/mole.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690200415
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ion-storage time-of-flight mass spectrometer for analysis of electrospray ions (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 5 (1991), S. 400-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A preliminary design and implementation of a novel approach to electrospray-mass spectrometry anr described. Based on a time-of flight mass analysis, the instrument provides several important advantages for on-line mass analysis: 1, simplicity, ease of use and low manufacturing cost; 2, rapid scan speed, yielding quasi-instantaneous full mass scans at repetition rates up to several kHz; 3, soft ionization and accurate mass determination of extremely large analyte molecules; 4, high sensitivity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290050906
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional deconvolution of multiply charged spectra (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 7 (1993), S. 71-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A three-dimensional surface of signal vs molecular weight and adduct ion mass (H+, Na+, NH+ 3, etc) is introduced as an analysis tool for determining the mass of higher-molecular-weight compounds from their representations as a series of multiply charged peaks in a mass spectrum produced by electrospray ionization. This three-dimensional approach has distinct advantages over conventional two-dimensional analysis techniques with regard to detecting errors in the mass scale calibration, assessing the confidence level of a deconvoluted molecular-weight assignment and in analyzing complex multiply charged spectra of mixtures. Special techniques are introduced which allow analysis of multiply charged spectra; containing adduct ion mixtures. solvent molecules absorbed on the parent molecule and ‘peaks’ resulting from partial dissociation of the parent molecule.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290070117
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of charged clusters during electrospray ionization of organic solute species (1991)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 26 (1991), S. 542-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electrospray dispersion of solutions into a bath gas can produce solute ions with many charges per molecule. In contrast to such multiple charging, it can also result in ‘fractional charging’ by which cluster ions are formed with more than one solute molecule per charge. Examples of such fractional charging or clustering are presented and discussed. In the case of arginine solutions, which are reported in some detail, ion masses corresponding to clusters containing as many as 24 solute molecules and up to four charges were identified. The number and size of these cluster ions increased markedly with increase in the initial solute concentration. When co-solutes consisting of acids, salts or bases were present, at up to millimolar concentrations in the initial solution, clustering was often strongly suppressed, especially by strong acids and their salts. This clustering phenomenon not only provides insight into the chemistry of solute precipitation in solution, but also offers a means of producing new kinds of clusters for experimental studies.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oms.1210260604
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrospray ionization-principles and practice (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mass Spectrometry Reviews 9 (1990), S. 37-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0277-7037
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mas.1280090103
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