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  • Chemistry  (19,839)
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  • 1
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food science
    ISBN: 9780387754307
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Keywords: Chemical engineering ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Chemistry, inorganic
    ISBN: 9780306486241
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Unknown
    Boston, MA : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food science ; Nutrition
    Edition: Third Edition
    ISBN: 9780387288130
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 39 (1992), S. 1128-1132 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: lipolytic rates ; hydrolysis ; tributyrin ; Candida rugosa ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dramatic change of the reaction rate was observed for the lipase-catalyzed hyrolysis of tributyrin in a batch reactor. Immediately after the addition of the enzyme, the lipolysis rate increased continuously until a maximal reaction rate was reached. The duration of the induction was mainly controlled by the bulk enzyme concentration and the reactor stirring speed. The reaction rate dropped sharply after reaching its maximal value. The lipolysis decayed at a rate of about 0.012 min-1, and was not affected by changes of the stirring speed. This decay was attributed to the fast deactivation of the surface-adsorbed lipase, and possibly to the extremely slow desorption of the inactivated species. For reaction time longer than 120 minutes, the lipolysis decreased at a much slower rate. Several mechanisms for the decay of the lipolysis rate were discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42 (1993), S. 759-764 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Lipolysis ; modeling ; lipases ; reversed micelles ; fatty acid inhibition ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Triglyceride hydrolysis using Chromobacterium viscosum lipase B in a reversed micellar media was investigated in a batch-type reactor. The dynamic evolution of the product concentration was analyzed using several mechanistic models, both from the literature and developed in this work. A kinetic model with nonlinear product inhibition was found to be the most adequate for the description of batch hydrolysis data over an extensive range of time and substrate concentration. The obtained rate equation described the time course of not only the reactions performed in this work, at different water contents (W0 = 7, 24) and pH values, but also the experimental results obtained in the literature with a Candida rugosa lipase. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42 (1993), S. 765-771 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: lipolysis ; lipases ; reversed micelles ; modeling ; second-order model ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Olive oil hydrolysis using Chromobacterium viscosum lipase B in a reversed micellar media was investigated in a membrane reactor. The dynamic evolution of the product concentration both in the concentrate and permeate stream was analyzed using a mechanistic model previously developed by us and further modified in this work. A kinetic law with a second-order dependence in the substrate concentration and nonlinear product inhibition was found to be the most adequate for the description of the hydrolysis data over an extensive range of time and substrate concentration. These findings are discussed in terms of the specific interactions occurring in the membrane reactor. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 44 (1993), S. 345-350 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bei der Thermogravimetrie zu berücksichtigende HinweiseKontinuierliche Thermogravimetrie ist eine verbreitete Methode, um Werkstoffe in korrosiven Gasen bei hohen Temperaturen zu prüfen und um Kinetik und Mechanismen der Hochtemperaturkorrosion aufzuklären. Hier werden Empfehlungen zur Durchführung thermogravimetrischer Tests zusammengestellt, Hinweise gegeben betreffend Probengröße und -form, Oberflächenpräparation, Reaktionsrohr, Start des Experiments, besonders empfindliche Messungen und Gasströmung und -regelung. Die Veröffentlichung ist als Grundlage und Startpunkt für zu entwickelnde Richtlinien für die Hochtemperaturkorrosionsforschung gedacht.
    Notes: Continuous thermogravimetry is a common method to test materials in gaseous corrosive environments at high temperatures and to elucidate kinetics and mechanisms of high temperature corrosion. Recommendations how to conduct thermogravimetric tests are collected here, points to be considered including sample size and form, surface preparation, reaction chamber, starting procedure, sensitive measurements, gas supply and dosing. This study is meant as a starting foundation for establishing guidelines in high temperature corrosion research.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 8 (1994), S. 313-316 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The conformation of the rigid isomer pair of cis- and trans-3-pinanones was investigated using methane, isobutane, and ammonia chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometry as a tool to study the dependence of the mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns. The methane and the isobutane CI mass spectra of the cis and trans isomers were found to be different enough to permit the differentiation of the isomers. Each isomer exhibited distinctive fragmentation paths. The isobutane mass spectra of the cis isomer was dominated by the loss of H2O from the pseudo-molecular ion, whereas the loss of C2H4O was the predominant fragment for the trans isomer. Molecular modeling and quantum-chemical computations were used to calculate the conformers of lowest energy for the two isomers. The theoretical calculations were then used to explain the differences observed in the chemical ionization mass spectra.In addition, high resolution mass spectrometry measurements, deuterium labeling experiments and energy calculations of the hypothetical transition states and ionized species were helpful and were used to propose mechanisms for the CI mass spectral fragmentation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 43 (1992), S. 83-95 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Korrosion von Eisen und von drei handelsüblichen Stählen in H2—H2S- und H2—H2S-CO2—Gemischen bei 400 bis 700 CDas Korrosionsverhalten von drei handelsüblichen Stählen ein Kohlenstoffstahl, ein niedriglegierter Chromstahl (2,25Cr-1Mo) und ein mittellegierter Chromstahl (9Cr-1Mo) in H2—H2S- und H2—H2S-CO2—Gemischen wurde im Temperaturbereich 400 bis 700 C unter zwei verschiedenen Schwefel-Partialdrücken bei jeder Temperatur untersucht. Die ternären Gasgemische hatten den gleichen Schwefel-Partialdruck wie die binären Gemische, enthielten jedoch auch einen geringen Sauerstoff-Partialdruck. Die Korrosion von reinem Eisen wurde zu Vergleichszwecken in den H2—H2S-Gemischen ebenfalls untersucht. Die auf den Stählen entstehenden Zunder bestanden immer ausschließlich aus Sulfiden und wiesen eine typische Duplexstruktur sowie starke Neigung zur Rißbildung und Abplatzung beim Abkühlen auf. Die Korrosionskinetik der Stähle war im allgemeinen komplex mit einer Anfangsperiode abnehmender Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit mit einer anschließenden linearen Periode. Auf Eisen entstand hingegen ein kompakter, auf dem Metall gut haftender Zunder, wobei die Korrosionskinetik allgemein durch eine Oberflächenreaktion kontrolliert sein dürfte, die einen übergang von linearen zum parabolischen Verhalten entspricht. Die Kinetik und die Mechanismen des Zunderwachstums auf Eisen und den Stählen wurden untersucht und werden erörtert.
    Notes: The corrosion behavior of three commercial steels including a carbon, a low-chromium (2.25Cr-1Mo) and a medium-chromium (9Cr-1Mo) steel in H2—H2S and in H2—H2S-CO2 mixtures has been investigated at 400-700 C under two sulfur pressures at each temperature. The ternary mixtures had the same sulfur pressure as the binary gases, but also a small partial pressure of oxygen. The corrosion of pure iron in the same H2—H2S mixtures was also studied for comparison. The scales formed on the steels were always composed of sulfides only: they showed a typical duplex structure as well as a strong tendency to crack and spall off during cooling. The corrosion kinetics of the steels were generally irregular, presenting an initial period of decreasing rate and a second approximately linear stage. On the other hand, the scales formed on iron were compact and well adherent to the metal, while the corrosion kinetics appeared to be generally controlled by a surface reaction step, leading to a transition from linear to parabolic behavior. The kinetics and mechanisms of scale growth for both iron and the steels are examined and discussed.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 46 (1995), S. 223-231 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Oxidation von Fe—Nb—Legierungen in 1 atm reinen Sauerstoffs bei 600-800°CDie Korrosion von zwei Fe-Nb-Legierungen mit 15 bzw. 30 Gewichts-% Nb ist bei 600-800 °C unter 1 atm reinen Sauerstoffs untersucht worden. Die Reaktion folgte im wesentlichen dem parabolischen Geschwindigkeitsgesetz mit Geschwindigkeitskonstanten, die erheblich niedriger lagen als für die Oxidation von reinem Eisen. Interne Oxidation und eine Verringerung an Niob in der Legierung sind in keinem Fall beobachtet worden. Der externe Zunder besteht aus einer Matrix aus Fe2O3, die eine Dispersion aus zweifachem Fe-Nb-Oxid enthält, während FeO und Fe3O4 nicht gefunden wurden. Das Oxidationsverhalten dieser Legierungen wird interpretiert in Bezug auf ein angepaßtes Phasendiagramm für das ternäre System Fe—Nb—O, wobei die Effekte der geringen Löslichkeit des Niobs im Grundmetall und die Anwesenheit von zwei Metallphasen in der Legierung berücksichtigt werden.
    Notes: The corrosion of two Fe-Nb alloys containing 15 and 30 wt% Nb has been studied at 600-800°C under 1 atm of pure oxygen. The reaction followed the parabolic rate law to a reasonable approximation with rate constants much lower than for the oxidation of pure iron under the same conditions. Internal oxidation and depletion of niobium in the alloy have never been observed. The external scales were composed of a matrix of Fe2O3 containing a dispersion of double Fe-Nb oxide, while FeO and Fe3O4 were not observed. The oxidation behavior of these alloys is interpreted with reference to an approximate phase diagram of the ternary system Fe—Nb—O, taking into account the effects of the low solubility of niobium in the base metals and of the presence of two metal phases in the alloy.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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