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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 40 (1974), S. 493-506 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly-α-aminoacid-fibers are protein like. Therefore their behaviour is like the naturally protein fibers silk and wool in some respect.Poly-α-aminoacids are made by thermic or ion-initiated polymerization of the corres- ponding Leuchs anhydrides (N-carboxyanhydrides). Fibers from the polymers are made by wet spinning. In general only from the pure D- or L-form of the aminoacids fiber forming polymers are obtained. Spinnability and the behaviour of the fibers are determined by the conformation of the polymer molecules. For instance the silk like character of Poly-L-alanine is attributed to the/?-pleated sheet conformation, the wool like behaviour of Poly-L-leucine is connected with the α-helical conformation of the Poly-L-leucine molecules.Because of the fact that film-forming ability is essential for spinnability not only fibers but also films are obtained from all these polymers. Moreover, Poly-α-aminoacids with no spannability due to long side-chains with strong interactions may have film forming ability.Besides the interest in producing fibers for textile use, they are also valuable as model substances for physico-chemical investigations on the stabilisation of the conformation by intermolecular forces and steric factors.In the case of Poly-L-alanine the tenacity is somewhat higher and the elongation lower as in the case of bombyx mori silk due to the lack of bulky side-chains being responsible for non-periodic conformations. On the contrary to silk Poty-L-alanine fibers undergo no contraction in LiBr-solutions between 5,4-7.2 mole/l and are absolutely insoluble at higher concentrations up to the boiling point.According to DTA-measurements the temperature of decomposition of Poly-L-alanine is remarkable higher (350°C) than that of silk (280°C).The important role of conformation and side chains for physical and textile behaviour results from the fact that the elongation of the wooly, α-helical Poly-L-leucine is about six times higher than that of Poly-L-alanine in the pleated-sheet conformation.Ionic side-chains like carboxylic groups in Poly-L-glutamic acid influence the physico- chemical behaviour of the fibers drastically. They are pretty soluble in moderate concen- trated electrolyte solutions and show supercontraction like behaviour in neutral and week alkaline solutions of cationactive detergents. As postulated sometimes ago ionic interaction between detergent-ions and ionic sidechains are necessary for this phenomenon. Furthermore the heat stability of Poly-L-glutamic acid fibers are comparable low in respect to Poly-L-alanine and Poly-L-leucinc fibers.As a consequence of the protein-like character of Poly-L-amino acid fibers and films they underlie biological degradation by proteolytic enzymes. For instance copolymers of L-alanine and L-lysine could be degradated by tryptic digestion.
    Notes: Fasern aus Poly-ß-aminosäuren haben aufgrund ihres proteinartigen Charakters ein physiologisches Verhalten, d. h., es handelt sich um körperähnliche Substanzen mit einem gegenüber den Naturfasern vergleichbaren Wasseraufnahmevermögen; sie sind biologisch abbaubar und brennen, ohne zu schmelzen.Die Poly-α-aminosäuren werden durch thermische oder ionisch initiierte Polymerisation entsprechenden Leuchsschen Anhydride dargestellt und nach dem Naßspinnverfahren zu Fasern verarbeitet. Es müssen im allgemeinen sterisch einheitliche Monomere verwendet werden, um brauchbare Fasern zu erhalten. Dadurch sind die Herstellungskosten noch recht hoch. Spinnverhalten und Fasereigenschaften werden durch die Molekülkonformation entscheidend beeinflußt. Für den seidenartigen Charakter z. B. von Poly-L-alanin ist das Vorliegen der Molekeln in β-Faltblattstruktur notwendig, für den wollartigen Charakter des Poly-L-leucins die β-helicale Konformation. Da die Folienbildung eine notwendige, jedoch nicht hinreichende Voraussetzung der Faserbildung ist, lassen sich nicht nur aus den faserbildenden Poly-β-aminosäuren, sondern auch aus anderen Folien darstellen.Außer dem Interesse, das den Poly-α-aminosäuren als Material für die kommerzielle Darstellung von Fasern und Folien zukommt, haben sie eine erhebliche Bedeutung als Modellsubstanzen für physikalisch-chemische Untersuchungen der an der Stabilisierung der Konformation beteiligten zwischenmolekularen Wechselwirkungen und sterischen Faktoren.Beim Poly-L-alanin wird infolge des Fehlens ins Gewicht fallender Bereiche mit nichtperiodischer Konformation eine geringere Bruchdehnung als bei Bombyx mori-Seide beobachtet. Auch tritt in konzentrierten Elektrolytlösungen (z. B. LiBr-Lösungen zwischen 5,4 und 7,2 Mol/l) keine Kontraktion der Fasern ein, und sie lösen sich bei höheren Konzentrationen im Unterschied zur Seide nicht auf. Nach DTA-Messungen liegt die Zersetzungstemperatur des Poly-L-alanins mit 350°C deutlich höher als die der Seide mit ca. 280°C.Die Bedeutung der Molekülkonformation und der Seitenketten für die physikalischen und textilen Eigenschaften ergibt sich u.a. daraus, daß die wollartige α-helicale Form des Poly-L-leucins mit 55% eine um das 6fache höhere Bruchdehnung als das Poly-L-alanin in β-Konformation hat,jedoch mit 0,6g/d nur etwa 12-13 von der Reißfestigkeit.Noch deutlicher wird verständlicherweise die Beeinflussung der Fasereigenschaften beim Vorliegen ionogener Seitengruppen, wie im Fall der Poly-L-glutaminäure. Diese Fasern lösen sich nicht nur sehr leicht in verschiedenen konzentrierten Elektrölytlosungen auf, sondern zeigen auch in neutralen bis schwach alkalischen kationaktiven Tensidlösun- gen ein superkontraktionsartiges Verhalten. Voraussetzung hierfür ist offensichtlich eine Ionenbeziehung wischen Tensidionen und ionisierten Seitengruppen.Auch die thermische Stabilität der Poly-L-glutaminsäurefasern rnit 245°C (näch DTA- Messungen) ist sehr vie1 geringer als die der Fasern mit apolaren Seitenketten.Proteolytische Fermente bauen die Poly-α-aminosäuren, wie gezeigt werden konntä, recht gut ab, so daß diese Polymeren einen sehr umweltfreundlichen Charakter besitzen.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 81 (1969), S. 915-915 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 4 (1992), S. 227-230 
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 30 (1979), S. 685-689 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Inhibition of low temperature circulating systems with lithium hydroxide in power stationsCorrosion current density measurements of mild steel St 37 in deionized, air-saturated water between 20 and 60°C showed that addition of small quantities of lithium hydroxide (ca. 25 ppm) protects against corrosion attacks similar to pitting corrosion and is found adequate even up to 5 ppm chloride ion concentration.Constant strain rate tests of mild steel St 37 showed no indication of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) at 70°C, up to 500 ppm lithium hydroxide, and 100 ppm chloride ion concentration. Metallographic examination of specimens indicated intergranular stress cracking with cracks of 1-30 m̈m depth in environments containing 2%, 4%, and saturated lithium hydroxide (with solid excess salt) at 70°C. Accumulation of lithium hydroxide should therefore be avoided.No SCC was observed in austenitic stainless steel X 5 CrNi 18 9 specimens in the above environments.
    Notes: Durch elektrochemische Bestimmung der „Korrosionsstromdichte“ wird festgestellt, daß gering Zusätze von Lithiumhydroxid (etwa 25 ppm) zu entionisiertem, luftgesättigtem Wasser im Temperaturbereich 20°C bis 60°C ausreichen, um St 37 gegen Sauerstoff- und lochartige Korrosion zu schützen. Diese Schutzwirkung ist auch gegeben, wenn das Wasser bis zu 5 ppm Chlorid enthält.Bei der Prüfung auf Spannungsrißkorrosion nach dem Verfahren mit konstanter Dehnungsgeschwindigkeit trat bei 70°C bis zu 500 ppm Lithiumhydroxid und bis 100 ppm Chlorid keine Spannungsrißkorrosion auf. Bei 2% und 4% Lithiumhydroxid bzw. gesättigter Lösung mit Bodenkörper zeigten sich bei metallographischer Überprüfung der Proben interkristalline Anrisse mit einer Tiefe von 1 bis 30 m̈m. Starke Aufkonzentration von Lithiumhydroxid muß daher im Wasser des Systems sicher vermieden werden.An dem austenitischen Stahl X5 CrNi 189 wurde in den entsprechenden Medien keine Korrosion beobachtet.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations into the corrosion processes on steel after one-time's chloride contaminationInvestigation of chloride adsorption and desorption on mild steel St 37 (1.0120) and austenitic stainless steel X 5 CrNi 189 (1.4301) showed chloride adsorption layer, determined radiochemically, depends upon the material, the state of metal surface layer, and its pretreatment. Ground surface of St 37 retains comparatively less chloride ions on washing than an unpretreated specimen. On the other hand the chloride could be removed from the austenitic steel by rinsing twice in unagitated washing medium which lowered the chloride content to below the detection level of 0,02 m̈g Cl-/cm2.Corrosion behaviour of specimens of 1.4301 in autoclave showed no difference with regards to corrosion in the test cycles of 300 and 400 h at 150 and 200° C whether or not the specimens were contaminated by chloride.Mild steels whose state of surface is similar to St 37 should be guarded against chloride contamination to prevent delayed damage. In case of steel similar to 1.4301 with regards to their surface characteristics cleaning the surface is relatively easy. Long time tests to assess risks of delayed damage are in progress and will be communicated later.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung der Chlorid-Adsorption und -Desorption an Stahlproben aus St37 (1.0120) und X 5 CrNi 189 (1.4301) ergab, daß der radiochemisch gefundene Chlorid-Belag an den Stahloberflächen vom Material, seinem Oberflächenzustand und der Oberflächenverarbeitung abhängt. St 37 mit unbehandelter Oberfläche läßt sich von den untersuchten Proben am schlechtesten vom Chlorid reinigen. Bei St 37 mit geschliffener Oberfläche ergab sich eine wesentlich intensivere Reinigungswirkung. Bei austenitischem Stahl reichten zwei Wäschen in unbewegter Waschflüssigkeit, um den Chlorid-Gehalt unter die Nachweisgrenze von 0,02 m̈g Cl-/cm2 zu senken.Korrosionsversuche im Autoklaven bei 150° C bzw. 200° C an dem Stahl 1.4301 zeigten innerhalb der jeweiligen Versuchsdauer von 300 bis 400 h keine korrosionsmäßigen Unterschiede, unabhängig davon, ob die Proben chloridkontaminiert waren oder nicht.Bei Stählen, deren Oberflächengüte den untersuchten Proben des Stahls St 37 ähneln, sollte die Kontamination mit Chlorid vermieden werden, um Spätschäden sicher zu vermeiden. Bei Stählen, deren Oberflächenbeschaffenheit den Proben des Stahls 1.4301 entsprechen, läßt sich die Oberfläche relativ leicht reinigen. Um eine endgültige Aussage über die Gefährdung durch Spätschäden zu ermöglichen, muß das Ergebnis von Langzeitversuchen abgewartet werden. Nach dem Versuchsende wird hierüber eine kurze Mitteilung veröffentlicht werden.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 583-592 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the corrosion and corrosion protection of seawater cooled condensor tubes of copper-base alloys - Experiments with rotating samplesExperiments have been done on rotating disc and cylinder electrodes of CuZn20Al2, CuNi10Fe and CuNi30Fe in 3 w/o sodium chloride solution and in artificial sea water at 25 and 40 ° C.Erosion corrosion of sea water cooled tube condensors should be simulated and studied.The corrosion mechanism of copper base alloys in clean and polluted sea water was intensely studied with particular consideration to the influence of ammonia, sulfides and chlorine. The effectiveness of iron sulfate dosing was tested.With the rotating samples under test no erosion corrosion could be detected on free corroding specimens.
    Notes: An rotierenden Scheiben und Zylinderproben aus CuZn20Al2, CuNi10Fe und CuNi30Fe wurden Korrosionsversuche in 3%iger Natriumchloridlösung und in synthetischem Meerwasser bei 25 und 40 ° C durchgeführt. Dabei sollten auch die Vorgänge bei der Erosionskorrosion von meerwassergekühlten Rohrkondensatoren simuliert und untersucht werden. Es wurden umfangreiche Messungen zum Korrosionsmechanismus der Kupferbasislegierungen in sauberem und verunreinigtem Meerwasser durchgeführt, wobei der Einfluss von Ammoniak, Sulfiden und Chlor sowie die Wirksamkeit der Eisensulfatdosierung untersucht wurden. An den verwendeten rotierenden Proben konnte bei freier Korrosion keine Erosion erzeugt werden.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral HPLC ; resolution ; enantiomeric purity ; configurational assignment ; circular dichroism ; AMPA receptor affinity ; electrophysiology ; AMPA receptor agonism ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have previously shown that whereas (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (APPA) shows the characteristics of a partial agonist at (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptors, (S)-APPA is a full AMPA receptor agonist and (R)-APPA a weak competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. This observation led us to introduce the new pharmacological concept, functional partial agonism. Recently we have shown that the 2-pyridyl analogue of APPA, (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-pyridyl)isoxazol-4-yl]propionic acid (2-Py-AMPA), is a potent and apparently full AMPA receptor agonist, and this compound has now been resolved into (+)- and (-)-2-Py-AMPA (ee ≥ 99.0%) by chiral HPLC using a Chirobiotic T column. The absolute stereochemistry of the enantiomers of APPA has previously been established by X-ray analysis, and on the basis of comparative studies of the circular dichroism spectra of the enantiomers of APPA and 2-Py-AMPA, (+)- and (-)-2-Py-AMPA were assigned the (S)- and (R)-configuration, respectively. In a series of receptor binding studies, neither enantiomer of 2-Py-AMPA showed detectable affinity for kainic acid receptor sites or different sites at the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor complex. (+)-(S)-2-Py-AMPA was an effective inhibitor of [3H]AMPA binding (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.06 μM) and a potent AMPA receptor agonist in the rat cortical wedge preparation (EC50 = 4.5 ± 0.3 μM) comparable with AMPA (IC50 = 0.040 ± 0.01 μM; EC50 = 3.5 ± 0.2 μM), but much more potent than (+)-(S)-APPA (IC50 = 5.5 ± 2.2 μM; EC50 = 230 ± 12 μM). Like (-)-(R)-APPA (IC50 〉 100 μM), (-)-(R)-2-Py-AMPA (IC50 〉 100 μM) did not significantly affect [3H]AMPA binding, and both compounds were week AMPA receptor antagonists (Ki = 270 ± 50 and 290 ± 20 μM, respectively). Chirality 9:274-280, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The “nozzle scrubber” is a wet scrubber in which the scrubbing water is dispersed in dust laden gas stream by means of one or more pneumatic nozzle. This scrubber is distinguished by an excellent collection efficiency for submicron dust at an unusually low energy and water consumption. So far, the physical effects affecting the separation cannot be explained by a well-defined theory. Therefore, it is sensible to investigate the collection efficiency with regard to the mechanisms of inertial impaction, turbulent diffusion and coalescence induced by turbulence. The experimental equipment is of a very simple design. A light scattering device was used to measure the particle distributions. In addition, electron micrographs were analyzed to obtain information about the submicron particles. The influence of operating parameters on grade efficiency has been demonstrated by their systematic variation. The contribution of turbulent diffusion to the collection efficiency has been confirmed; nevertheless, grade efficiencies were also measured when inertial impaction prevailed.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: diastereomeric salt resolution ; chiral HPLC ; enantiomeric purity ; absolute stereochemistry ; X-ray crystallography ; NMDA receptor antagonist ; AMPA receptor antagonist ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have previously shown that (RS)-2-amino-2-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol-4-yl)acetic acid (ATAA) is an antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. We have now resolved ATAA via diastereomeric salt formation using N-BOC protected ATAA and (R)- and (S)-phenylethylamine. Enantiomeric purities (ee 〉 98%) of (R)- and (S)-ATAA were determined using the Crownpak CR(-) and CR(+) columns, respectively. The absolute configuration of (R)-ATAA was established by an X-ray crystallographic analysis of the (R)-phenylethylamine salt of N-BOC-(R)-ATAA. Like ATAA, neither (R)- nor (S)-ATAA significantly affected (IC50 〉 100 μM) the receptor binding of tritiated AMPA, kainic acid, or (RS)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid, the latter being a competitive NMDA antagonist. Electrophysiological experiments, using the rat cortical wedge preparation, showed the NMDA antagonist effect as well as the AMPA antagonist effect of ATAA to reside exclusively in the (R)-enantiomer (Ki = 75 ± 5 μM and 57 ± 1 μM, respectively). Neither (R)- nor (S)-ATAA significantly reduced kainic acid-induced excitation (Ki 〉 1,000 μM). Chirality 9:529-536, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Grade efficiencies must be measured in order to characterize particle collection in cyclones. For real, irregularly shaped partcles, the grade efficiencies depend on the shape and orientation of the particles and the flow around them. Therefore, the collection characteristics of cyclones should be defined in relation to spherical particles. Deviations occurring on the use of real, irregularly shaped dusts can then be attributed to a material influence. A fast and accurate measuring technique to determine the collection characteristic for spherical particles is described, followed by the presentation of results of extensive investigations on small model cyclones. A similarity relationship is presented. The validity of this relationship was confirmed by investigations with similar, larger cyclones.
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