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  • 1
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Phosphite and phosphonite esters can act as antioxidants by three basic mechanisms depending on their structure, the nature of the substrate to be stabilized and the reaction conditions. All phosph(on)ites are hydroperoxide-decomposing secondary antioxidants. Their efficiency in hydroperoxide reduction decreases in the order phosphonites 〉 alkylphosphites 〉 arylphosphites 〉 hindered arylphosphites. Five-membered cyclic phosphites are capable of decomposing hydroperoxides catalytically due to the formation of acidic hydrogen phosphates by hydrolysis and peroxidolysis in the course of reaction. Hindered aryl phosphites can act as chain-breaking primary antioxidants being substituted by alkoxyl radicals and releasing hindered aryloxyl radicals which terminate the radical chain oxidation. At ambient temperatures, the chain-breaking antioxidant activity of aryl phosphites is lower than that of hindered phenols, because the rate of their reaction with peroxyl radicals and their stoichiometric inhibition factors are lower than those of phenols. In oxidizing media at medium temperatures, however, hydrolysis of aryl phosph(on)ites takes place giving hydrogen phosph(on)ites and phenols which are effective chain-breaking antioxidants.2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl- and 1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidinyl phosphites and phosphonites (HALS-phosph(on)ites) surpass many common phosphites, phenols and HALS compounds as stabilizers in the thermo- and photo-oxidation of polymers. Their superior efficiency is probably due to an intramolecular synergistic action of the HALS and the phosph(on)ite moieties of their molecules.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Mesoionic Five-membered Heterocycles with o-Quinonoid Compounds, II1).  -  A Contribution to the Problem of Ketene Tautomers of 1,3-Oxazolium-5-olates1,3-Oxazolium-5-olates acylated at C-4 react with tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone (9) to give 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ones 10 which can formally be derived from the valence tautomeric ketenes 2. There is evidence for the assumption that ketenes are not involved in these reactions as intermediates. Furthermore, the products 15a, b which probably result from [4 + 4] cycloadducts formed primarily, have been isolated. Oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium-2-olates 8 acylated at C-3 react with 9 to give 1:2 adducts 20.
    Notes: C-4-acylierte 1,3-Oxazolium-5-olate reagieren mit Tetrachlor-o-benzochinon (9) unter Bildung von 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-onen 10, die sich formal von den valenztautomeren Ketenen 2 ableiten. Es wird ein Hinweis darauf erhalten, daß Ketene bei diesen Umsetzungen nicht ais Zwischenprodukte auftreten. Weiterhin werden die Produkte 15a, b isoliert, die möglicherweise aus primär gebildeten [4 + 4]-Cycloaddukten entstehen. C-3-acylierte Oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium-2-olate 8 liefern mit 9 die 1:2-Addukte 20.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Protein sequencing ; Oxygen-18 ; Mass spectrometry ; Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ; Electrospray ionization ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proteins were digested in normal and highly 18O-enriched water using proteases commonly employed for protein sequencing. The extent of 18O incorporation into the resulting peptide fragments was characterized by electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). The endoproteinases trypsin, Lys-C and Glu-C incorporate two atoms of 18O, resulting in a mass shift of +4 D for the peptide fragments. This indicates that, following proteolytic cleavage, peptide products continue to interact with these proteases and undergo repeated binding/hydrolysis cycles, resulting in complete equilibration of both oxygens in the carboxy terminus of the fragments with oxygen from solvent water. In contrast, chymotrypsin and Asp-N incorporate only one atom of 18O, resulting in a mass shift of +2 D, indicating that after the cleavage step these proteases do not accept the peptides as substrates. In addition, it was found that the proteases trypsin, Glu-C, and Lys-C exhibit minor or nontypical sequence specificities, resulting in unexpected peptide fragments. These fragments incorporate only one 18O atom, indicating that they do not undergo further binding/hydrolysis cycles with the enzyme. Thus, it is possible to discriminate between enzyme-typical peptide fragments with mass shifts of +4 D and nontypical fragments with mass shifts of only +2 D. Based on these observations, protein digest strategies are described for the generation of 1:1 ion doublets spaced either by 2 or 4 D. In addition, the C-terminus of a protein can be identified by the absence of an ion doublet in the corresponding peptide fragment. In protein sequencing by mass spectrometry, digest protocols generating ion doublets provide the most clear-cut analytical results for the recognition of ion series in ESI-MS/MS and MALDI post-source decay (PSD) product ion specta. Only the mass spectrometric fragment ions of a C-terminal series show ion doublets spaced either by 2 or 4 D, whereas the fragment ions belonging to an N-terminal series remain unshifted. This assignment unequivocally reveals the direction of the identified sequence.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In den letzten Jahren erlangte die Beugung niederenergetischer Elektronen für die Untersuchung der Struktur sowie des physikalischen und chemischen Verhaltens der Kristalloberflächen einige Bedeutung. Im folgenden wird über die physikalischen Grundlagen und über den derzeitigen experimentell-technischen Stand dieses Untersuchungsverfahrens berichtet, wobei die Vor- und Nachteile der verschiedenen Beugungsanordnungen, die Kristallpräparation und das Zustandekommen des Beugungsbildes eingehend beschrieben werden.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 44 (1972), S. 599-599 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 1169-1178 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The spectroscopic properties and photopolymerization activities of a mono- and tetraperester derivative of benzophenone are examined and compared with those of benzophenone. Their photopolymerization activity in methyl methacrylate (MMA) and an ethoxylated bis-phenol-A diacrylate have been studied using a combination of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and real time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RTFTIR) as well as the commercial pendulum hardness test. Using GPC analysis on the poly(methyl methacrylate) samples the tetra--t-butyl perester derivative of benzophenone is found to give a higher weight average (Mw) and number average (Mn) molecular weight polymer than that produced using the mono perester. For the two peresters of benzophenone photopolymerization efficiency using real time FTIR increases with increasing initiator concentration, and no self-termination is observed up to 0.75% w/w concentration with the mono perester derivative being the more efficient initiator. Similar results were obtained using the commercial pendulum hardness tester with a triacrylate/epoxyurethane acrylate resin with benzophenone exhibiting the lowest activity. Photopolymerization activities of the initiators correlate well with their spectroscopic properties. The phosphorescence quantum yield is higher for the monoperester than the tetraperester derivative and is consistent with a shorter lifetime and lower photolysis quantum yields in 2-propanol. Compared with benzophenone, phosphorescence analysis indicates that the perester groups impart a degree of charge-transfer content to the molecule which is consistent with the degree of substitution. Ketyl radical formation on microsecond flash photolysis follows the order benzophenone 〉 mono- 〉 tetraperester derivative and is consistent with the phosphorescence quantum yields. On nanosecond laser flash photolysis in nitrogen-saturated acetonitrile, triplettriplet absorption is extremely weak for both the perester derivatives, being stronger for the monoperester.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1976 (1976), S. 793-819 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Aryl Substituted Fulvenes with Tetrachloro-o-quinones2,3,4,5-Tetraarylfulvenes 7 react with the heterodiene moiety of tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone 3 to yield the [2π + 4π] and [6π + 4π] cycloadducts 8 and 9, respectively. The structures of the [2π + 4π] adducts 8 were confirmed by oxidative degradation as well as by their synthesis from 3 with tetraarylcyclopentadienols 6 and from 3 with tetraarylcyclopentadienones (giving 10). The cisoid diene moiety in the [6π + 4π] adducts 9 could be demonstrated by Diels-Alder reaction with 4-phenyl-l,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (16) and/or 1,4-phthalazinedione (17). Kinetic measurements (solvent and temperature dependence) on the formation of 8 and 9 are in accord with the assumption of a multicenter cycloaddition reaction with an only moderately polar transition state. - 6,6-Diphenylfulvene gives with 3 an already known [2π + 4π] adduct of type 4 and a spirodioxole 28, the structure of which has been proved by an independent synthesis of the degradation produkt 30. The spirodioxole 28 is presumably formed from an unstable [6π + 4π] adduct of type 5.
    Notes: Bei der Addition von 2,3,4,5-Tetraarylfulvenen 7 an die Heterodieneinheit von Tetrachlor-o-benzochinon (3) werden die [2π + 4π]- und [6π + 4π]-Cycloaddukte 8 bzw. 9 erhalten. Die Strukturen der [2π + 4π]-Addukte 8 werden durch oxidativen Abbau sowie durch Synthese aus 3 mit Tetraarylcyclopentadienolen 6 und aus 3 mit Tetraarylcyclopentadienonen (zu 10) gesichert. Die cisoide Dieneinheit in den [6π + 4π]-Cycloaddukten 9 läßt sich durch Diels-Alder-Reaktion mit 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolin-3,5-dion (16) und/oder 1,4-Phthalazindion (17) nachweisen. Kinetische Untersuchungen (Lösungsmittel- und Temperaturabhängigkeit) zur Bildung von 8 und 9 deuten auf eine Mehrzentrencycloaddition mit nur wenig polarem Übergangszustand hin. - 6,6-Diphenylfulven bildet mit 3 - neben einem bereits beschriebenen [2π + 4π]-Addukt des Typs 4 - ein Spirodioxol 28, dessen Struktur durch eine unabhängige Synthese des Abbauprodukts 30 bewiesen wird. Das Spirodioxol 28 entsteht wahrscheinlich aus einer instabilen [6π + 4π]-Vorstufe des Typs 5.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 105 (1993), S. 1076-1078 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Heteroatom Chemistry 9 (1998), S. 529-536 
    ISSN: 1042-7163
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bicyclic 2-aminothiophenes 2, which are available by the Gewald reaction of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone (triacetonamine, 1), were employed in cyclizations to give new tricyclic thienopyridine and thienopyrimidine derivatives, without protection of the piperidine nitrogen, whereas methylation of 2 occurred exclusively at the piperidine nitrogen. Acylation of 2 in the presence of a tertiary amine yielded N-thienyl imides, due to the high NH acidity of the intermediate N-thienyl amides. Similarly, benzylation of an N-thienyl amide proceeded readily in sodium ethoxide solution. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 9:529-536, 1998
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