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  • Chemistry  (6)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microbial desulphurization of coal by pyrite oxidizing enrichment cultures containing predominantly Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was performed in an air-agitated slurry reactor, 20 l in volume. A model of microbiological and chemical reactions, occurring at various points within the coal, was set up taking into account the pore structure of the coal. The influence of parameters relevant to industrial processes, such as superficial gas velocity, particle size, initial pyrite concentration, and slurry density of the coal, on the conversion of pyrite was examined. Variation of the superficial gas velocity in the range of 0.01 to 0.04 m/s confirmed that the reaction is not controlled by oxygen transfer from gaseous to liquid phase. The rate of pyrite oxidation depends mainly on the accessibility of pyrite to micro-organisms which is determined by the particle size of the coal as well as the distribution of pyrite crystals in the coal matrix. The accessibility of pyrite to the micro-organisms is described by the ratio of effective to maximum microbial activity, measured as oxygen consumption. Starting with higher initial concentration of pyrite in the coal increases the oxidation rate, according to first order kinetics. Enhanced slurry densities lead to a decrease of pyrite conversion, in spite of higher pyrite concentration. The maximum pyrite oxidation rate was measured at 15% (v/v) slurry density and 25°C as 1800 mg Spyr/kg coal per day, or 360 mg Spyr/l reactor volume per day.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Empirical Increment System for Methyl Group Signals and Ringcurrent Effects on Proton NMR Spectra of Methyl-substituted Biphenyls36 methyl group NMR signals of 18 methyl-substituted biphenyl derivates have been analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis to derive 4,4′- and 2,2′-position substitution constants. The influence of the torsional angle Φ on the signals of o-methyl groups increases from -0.095, -0.284, -0.345 to -0.377 ppm for Φ = 58°, 77.5°, 85°, and 90°. These values are in good agreement with the theoretical ringcurrent model of Johnson and Bovey.
    Notes: Von 18 methylsubstituierten Biphenylderivaten werden 36 Methylgruppen-NMR-Signale durch multiple lineare Regressionsanalyse auf 4,4′- und 2,2′-Positions-Substituentenkonstanten analysiert. Der Einfluß des Verdrillungswinkels Φ auf die o-Methylgruppensignale steigt von -0.095, -0.284, -0.345 auf -0.37 ppm für Φ = 58°, 77.5°, 85° und 90°. Diese Werte werden am besten durch das theoretische Ringstrommodell von Johnson und Bovey wiedergegeben.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 109-117 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of 2,4,6-Trialkylbiphenyls as NMR-Probes for the Detection of Ringcurrent Anisotropy EffectsThe Synthesis of the following previously unkown alkyl-substituted derivatives of biphenyl is reported: 2,4,6-triethyl- (3), 2,4,6-triisopropyl- (4) and 2,4,6-trineopentyl- (6), as well as 2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-2′,4′,6′-trimethylbiphenyl (7) and 3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-2,4,6-triisopropylbiphenyl (8), and their 1H-NMR spectra have been determined at 90 MHz. The splitting between the signals of the o, o′-and p-alkyl-substituents is discussed in comparison to that of the already known derivatives: 2,4,6-trimethyl-(1), 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexamethyl- (2) and 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylbiphenyl (5) and the temperature dependence of the splitting of the alkyl group signals is reported in the range between + 110°C and -136°C. Only 6 shows a broadening of signals at -110°C, but in no case the fixing of a certain conformation of an alkyl group is observable, but generally the splitting of the alkyl group is increased by 5 to 10% with reduction of the temperature by about 100°C.
    Notes: Die erstmalige Darstellung folgender alkylsubstituierter Biphenylderivate wird beschrieben: 2, 4, 6-Triethyl- (3), 2,4,6-Triisopropyl- (4) und 2,4,6-Trineopentylbiphenyl (6), sowie 2,4,6-Tri-tert butyl-2′,4′,6′-trimethylbiphenyl (7) und 3′,5′-Di-tert-butyl-2,4,6-triisopropylbiphenyl (8). An Hand ihrer bei 90 MHz aufgenommenen 1H-NMR-Spektren wird die Aufspaltung zwischen den o, o′ und p-Alkylgruppensignalen im Vergleich zu den bereits bekannten Derivaten Phenylmesitylen (1), Bimesityl (2) und2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylbiphenyl (5) diskutiet und die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Alkylgruppenaufspaltung zwischen +110°C und -136°C untersucht. Dabei wird nur bei 6 eine Bandenverbreiterung bei -110°C beobachtet, aber in keinem Fall ist das Einfrieren einer bestimmten Alkylgruppenkonformation feststellbar, während in der Regel eine Vergrößerung der Alkylaufspaltung um 5 bis 10% bei einer Temperaturerniedrigung um ca. 100°C auftritt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 70 (1998), S. 1349-1352 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 67 (1984), S. 1535-1539 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On acetone-sensitized irradiation the title compounds 3a-c are converted to 2-allyl-3-hydroxy-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates 4 in reasonable yields.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1980 (1980), S. 2012-2020 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: tert-Butylation of Biphenyl; Determination of the Structure of Reaction Products by Means of Independent SynthesesThe Friedel-Crafts alkylation of biphenyl with tert-butyl chloride in carbon disulfide using aluminium trichloride as catalyst leads to the formation of only 9 of the 209 theoretically possible tert-butylbiphenyls, namely 3- and 4-tert-butylbiphenyl, 3,5-, 3,3′-, 3,4′- and 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-biphenyl, 3,3′,5-, and 3,4′,5-tri-tert-butylbiphenyl as well as 3,3′,5,5′-tetra-tert-butylbiphenyl. These have been separated by gas chromatography and identified by means of independently synthesized compounds in combination with GC-MS determinations. Five of these compounds have been prepared for the first time.
    Notes: Die Friedel-Crafts-Alkylierung von Biphenyl mit tert-Butylchlorid in Schwefelkohlenstoff liefert bei Verwendung von AICI3 als Katalysator nur 9 von theoretisch 209 möglichen tert-Butylderivaten, nämlich 3- und 4-tert-Butylbiphenyl, 3,5-, 3,3′-, 3,4′- und 4,4′-Di-tert-butylbiphenyl, 3,3′,5- und 3,4′,5-Tri-tert-butylbiphenyl sowie 3,3′,5,5′-Tetra-tert-butylbiphenyl. Diese wurden gaschromatographisch getrennt und ihre Strukturen durch unabhängige Synthesen in Kombination mit GC-MS-Untersuchungen gesichert. Fünf von ihnen waren noch nicht bekannt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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