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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 24 (1973), S. 1042-1049 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Neue NiCrMo-Legierung mit Gefügebeständigkeit bei hoher Temperatur und dadurch verbesserter Korrosionsbeständgkeit und besseren mechanischen EigenschaftenApparate aus NiCrMo-Legierungen der Typen Ni 16 Cr 16 Mo W und Ni 22 Cr 16 Mo werden in der chemischen Industrie viel verwendet, zumal in der letzten Zeit die Korrosionsbeständigkeit im geschweißten Zustand durch Absenken des C- und Si-Gehaltes wesentlich verbessert werden konnte. Ein neuer Typ  -  Hastelloy Developmental Alloy C-415  -  besitzt hohe Beständigkeit gegen Ausscheidung von Carbiden und intermetallischen Phasen. Durch Verringerung des Anteils dieser Phasen werden sowohl die Hochtemperatureigenschaften als auch die Korrosionsbeständigkeit und die mechanischen Eigenschaften wesentlich verbessert. Die neue Legierung kann langzeitig im Sensibilisierungsbereich (550-1090°C) beansprucht werden, ohne daß es zu Korrosion kommt und ist daher auch gut schweißbar. Im Gegensatz zu den bisherigen NiCrMo-Legierungen ergeben sich kaum Probleme bei Einwirkung von Schwefelsäure und Salzsäure.
    Notes: Equipment made of NiCrMo alloys of the Ni 16 Cr 16 Mo W and Ni 22 Cr 16 Mo types is used extensively in the chemical industry, in particular because the corrosion resistance in the as-welded condition could be improved in recent years by controlling C and Si contents to very low levels. A new type of alloy  -  Hastelloy Developmental Alloy C-455  -  has high resistance to carbide and intermetallic phase precipitation at high temperatures. By reducing the amount of these phases it has been possible to considerably improve the high temperature properties, the corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties of the alloy. The new material may be exposed to sensitizing range temperatures (550-1090 °C) for a long time without becoming susceptible to corrosion: it is, therefore, readily weldable. Contrary to NiCrMo alloys known so far there are almost no problems when the material is exposed to hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 6 (1894), S. 268-272 
    ISSN: 0863-1778
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chiral stereospecificity ; esterase ; metabolism ; human tissue ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Famciclovir is the oral form of the potent antiherpesvirus agent, penciclovir. Hydrolysis of one of the acetyl ester groups of famciclovir creates a chiral centre leading to the possible formation of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. During its conversion to penciclovir, famciclovir forms two chiral metabolites, namely monoacetyl-6-deoxy-penciclovir and monoacetyl-penciclovir. The absolute configuration and stereospecificity of the monoacetyl metabolites of famciclovir, produced in human intestinal wall extract, were determined using isotopically chiral famciclovir and 13C NMR spectroscopy of the isolated metabolites. 13C NMR showed that the esterase(s), in human intestinal wall extract, hydrolysed the acetyl group preferentially from the pro-(S)-acetoxymethyl group of famciclovir. The specificity of esterase action in forming monoacetyl-6-deoxy-penciclovir and monoacetyl-penciclovir was about 77 and 72%, respectively. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral stereospecificity ; phosphorylation ; MRC-5 cells ; herpesvirus ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Penciclovir is a potent antiherpesvirus agent which is highly selective due to its phosphorylation only in virus infected cells. Phosphorylation of one of the hydroxymethyl groups of penciclovir (PCV) creates a chiral centre leading to the possible formation of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. The absolute configuration and stereospecificity of the PCV-phosphates produced in cells infected with herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), as well as by HSV-1-encoded thymidine kinase, were determined using isotopically chiral [4′-13C]PCV precursors and 13C NMR spectroscopy of the isolated metabolites. The absolute configuration of penciclovir-triphosphate (PCV-TP) produced in HSV-1-infected cells was shown to be S with an enantiomeric purity of greater than 95%. However, in contrast to HSV-1-infected cells in which none of the (R) enantiomer was detected, about 10% of (R)-PCV-TP was produced in HSV-2-infected cells. Phosphorylation of PCV by HSV-1-encoded thymidine kinase was found to give 75% (S)- and 25% (R)-PCV-monophosphate. The proportion of the (S)-isomer appears to be amplified in the subsequent phosphorylations leading to the triphosphate. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 148 (1987), S. 161-193 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Diese Arbeit beschreibt Versuche, durch Kondensation von Terephthalaldehyd mit Dimethylstickstoffbasen konjugierte Polymere zu synthetisieren, die aus alternierenden Phenylringen und aromatischen heterocyclischen Ringen bestehen. Die Produkte fallen während ihrer Bildung aus der Lösung aus, selbst bei 180°C in N-Methylpyrrolidinon (NMP), daher konnten nur Oligomere mit bis zu ca. 30 Ringen (DP = 15) erhalten werden. Die meisten der hinreichend löslichen Produkte hatten einen DP zwischen 4 und 8. Von diesen ließen sich dünne Filme auf Glas oder Quartz herstellen. Diese Polymeren sind zumeist sehr gute Isolatoren, doch die Behandlung mit I2, NO2 oder SbF5 kann ihren elektrischen Widerstand um 6 Zehnerpotenzen erniedrigen. Die schnelle Umkehrbarkeit der Widerstandsänderung, wenn das verantwortliche Reagenz verdampft ist, sowie das Ausbleiben von klar erkennbaren hderungen im UV-Spektrum zeigen, daR die Widerstandsllnderung sehr wahrscheinlich nicht durch eine Oxidation (doping) verursacht wurde.Zahlreiche Synthesen mit verschiedenen quaternisierten Basen ergaben auch keine durch Elektronenakzeptoren oxidierbaren Oligomeren.Als Bezugsmaterialien, besonders wegen der UV-Spektren, wurden Modellverbindungen vom Distyrylpyridin und Distyrylpyrazin-Typ hergestellt und auch quaternisierte Derivate der ersteren; viele davon sind neue Verbindungen. Diese Modellverbindungen wurden auch zur Eichung einer für NMP Lösungen verwendbaren GPC Säule gebraucht.Für die Synthesetechnik wurden mehrere Verbesserungen entwickelt.
    Notes: We report attempts to create conjugated polymers consisting of alternating phenylene and heterocyclic rings separated by double bonds by means of condensations between terephthalaldehyde and dimethyl nitrogen bases. Because the products precipitated during their formation even at 180°C in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), only oligomers of up to ca. 30 rings (DP = 15) could be obtained; most of the adequately soluble products had DP between 4 and 8, and from these oligomers films on glass or quartz could be made. When the films were exposed to I2, NO2, or SbF5, most of them, initially very good insulators, showed an increase in electrical conductivity of up to 6 powers of 10; but the rapid reversal of this change when the reagent evaporated and the lack of any clear changes in the UV-vis spectrum of the films showed that most likely true “doping” had not occurred.Extensive syntheses with a variety of quaternised bases also failed to yield oligomers oxidisable by electron-acceptors.For reference purposes, especially for their spectra, a large number of pure “model” compounds of the distyrylpyridine and distyrylpyrazine type, and quaternised analogues of the former, were synthesised, many of them new compounds. These were also used as calibrants for a GPC column operating with NMP solutions.Several improvements were made in the synthetic techniques.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 284-287 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The surface composition and energy of carbon fiber has been carefully analyzed and quantified. Untreated, AU, surface-treated, AS, and heat-treated AHT fibers were all studied. AS fiber was surface-treated by an electrolytic oxidation process. AHT fiber was heat-treated at elevated high temperatures under vacuum. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) was used to investigate the surface elemental concentration of carbon fibers. The corresponding surface free energies of these fibers were calculated from the contact angles measured by a dynamic contact angle analyzer. Results showed a strong correlation between the surface treatment and heat-treatment history and the surface chemistry of carbon fibers. After oxidation treatment, the surface free energy was increased by adding functional group elements (oxygen and nitrogen). However, these added elements could be removed by high temperature treatment under vacuum. The diffusion of O, N, and Na was discussed. The correlation between oxygen and nitrogen concentration and carbon fiber surface free energy has been plotted. These fibers would be used to quantify the relationship between carbon fiber surface free energy and the interfacial shear strength of the fiber-polymer interface.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several reactions involving crosslinked polymers, a solid, and a liquid phase were investigated. Witting reactions between crosslinked polymers (1 and 5) contaning phosphonium salt residues, solid potassium carbonate, and aldehydes in tetrahydrofuran were found to proceed satisfactorily, even in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst. The Oxidation of 2-phenyl-1,2-propanediol in methylene chloride by solid sodium periodate (but not postassium periodate) is catalysed by the periodate form (9a) of an anion exchange resin. The reaction of 1-bromooctane in benzene, tetrahydrofuran, or acetonitrile with potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide and of benzyl bromide in tetrahydrofuran or acetonitrile with potassium acetate or sodium acetate are catalysed only slightly, if at all, by the cyanide or acetate forms (9e and 9f) of an anion exchange resin. Crosslinked polymers containing crown ether residues catalyse the reaction of 1-bromooctane in toluene with sodium iodide. It is not clear how the crosslinked polymers and solid reagents manage to react with each other, but possible mechanisms are discussed. The importance of carrying out control reactions in such studies is stressed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 29 (1994), S. 326-328 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Metastable ion scanning was used to investigate the fragmentation patterns of ethyl(trimethoxy)silane, ethyl(dimethoxy)chlorosilane and ethyl(methoxy)dichlorosilane, their deuterated counterparts and ethyltrichlorosilane. For these compounds the molecule ion has a low abundance using 70 eV electron impact ionization. In all cases the base peak corresponds to the loss of neutral C2H5. When chemical ionization is employed with isobutane, usable peaks representative of the molecule ions are observed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Carboxylgruppen Können in vernetztes Polystyrol über einen Zweistufenprozeß durch 2-Chlorbenzoylierung und Aufspaltung des Reaktionsproduktes mit einer Mischung von Kalium-tert-butoxid und Wasser eingeführt werden. Den Umsatz kann man durch die Gewichtsänderung des Harzes und durch Chloranalyse leicht abschätzen. Carboxylgruppen können auch durch Benzoylierung eingeführt werden. Das bereits beschriebene Verfahren, um Carboxylgruppen einzuführen, indem man vernetztes Polystyrol chlormethyliert, das erhaltene Produkt zu einem Formylharz oxidiert und dieses Produkt zu einem Carboxylharz weiteroxidiert, kann durch die Verwendung von Peressigsäure in Methansulfonsäure als Oxidationsmittel im letzten Schritt verbessert werden.
    Notes: Carboxyl groups can be introduced into crosslinked polystyrene by a two step process involving 2-chlorobenzoylation and cleavage of the product using a mixture of potassium tert-butoxide and water. The reaction yields can be estimated easily by the change in weight of the resin and by chlorine analysis. Carboxyl groups can also be introduced via benzoylation. The previously described method of introducing carboxyl groups, in which crosslinked polystyrene is chloromethylated and the product oxidized to a formyl resin, which is then oxidized to a carboxyl resin, can be improved by using peracetic acid in methanesulphonic acid as the oxidant in the last step.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 191 (1990), S. 1633-1640 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Friedel-Crafts acylation of various crosslinked polystyrenes, both microporous and macroporous, by ω-halogenoacyl chlorides, a reaction used by others to functionalise polystyrenes, was carefully investigated. As judged by elemental analyses, the desired reaction to give ω-halogenoacyl residues is always accompanied by side reactions. Infrared spectroscopy indicates that these include crosslinking and the introduction of carboxylic acid groups. The side reactions are less pronounced with the ω-chloro compounds and with the 2% crosslinked microporous polymer. For many applications these side reactions will not be important, but in some cases an awareness of their occurrence could be crucial.
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