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  • 1
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    Characterization of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic penaeid and rock shrimp fisheries based on observer data (2021)
    In:  elizabeth.scott-denton@noaa.gov | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14547 | 403 | 2014-02-14 23:28:43 | 14547 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: In July 2007, a mandatory Federal observer program was implemented to characterize the U.S. Gulf of Mexico penaeid shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus, F. duorarum, and Litopenaeus setiferus) fishery. In June 2008, the program expanded to include the South Atlantic penaeid and rock shrimp, Sicyonia spp., fisheries. Data collected from 10,206 tows during 5,197 sea days of observations were analyzed by geographical area and target species. The majority of tows (~70%) sampled were off the coasts of Texas and Louisiana. Based on total hours towed, the highest concentrated effort occurred off South Texas and southwestern Florida. Gear information, such as net characteristics, bycatch reduction devices, and turtle excluder devices were fairly consistent among areas and target species. By species categories, finfish comprised the majority (≥57%) of the catch composition in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic penaeid shrimp fisheries, while in the South Atlantic rock shrimp fishery the largest component (41%) was rock shrimp. Bycatch to shrimp ratios were lower than reported in previous studies for the Gulf of Mexico penaeid shrimp fishery. These decreased ratios may be attributed to several factors, notably decreased shrimp effort and higher shrimp catch per unit of effort (CPUE) in recent years. CPUE density surface plots for several species of interest illustrated spatial differences in distribution. Hot Spot Analyses for shrimp (penaeid and rock) and bycatch species identified areas with significant clustering of high or low CPUE values. Spatial and temporal distribution of protected species interactions were documented.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Management
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
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  • 2
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    Analysis of sea turtle bycatch in the commercial shrimp fisheries of Southeast U.S. waters and the Gulf of Mexico (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service/Southeast Fisheries Science Center | Miami, FL
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2139 | 403 | 2011-09-29 19:32:42 | 2139 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-12
    Description: The coastal shrimp trawl fisheries have long been the focus of conservation actions to reduce turtle bycatch and mortality in the Gulf of Mexico and the U.S. Atlantic (NRC, 1990). Calculation of catch rates of sea turtles in shrimp trawls is necessary to evaluate the impact on sea turtle populations. In this paper we analyze sea turtle bycatch to provide an estimate of the current number of interactions with otter trawl gear as well as an estimate of the number of fatal inions in Southeast U.S. waters and the Gulf of Mexico. We also provide an estimate of the number of individuals likely to die in the future with the new regulations that will require an increase in the size of the escape openings in trutle excluder devices (TEDs). The new regulations will allow many more turtles to escape. Other gears also are discussed. (PDF contains 24 pages)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 3
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    Descriptions of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Reef Fish Bottom Longline and Vertical Line Fisheries Based on Observer Data (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9662 | 403 | 2012-08-14 16:29:20 | 9662 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: In July 2006, a mandatory observer program was implemented to characterize the commercial reef fish fishery operating in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. The primary gear types assessed included bottom longline and vertical line (bandit and handline). A total of 73,205 fish (183 taxa) were observed in the longline fishery. Most (66%) were red grouper, Epinephelus morio, and yellowedge grouper, E. flavolimbatus. In the vertical line fishery, 89,015 fish (178 taxa) were observed of which most (60%) were red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, and vermilion snapper, Rhomboplites aurorubens. Based on surface observations of discarded under-sized target and unwanted species, the majority of fish were released alive; minimum assumed mortality was 23% for the vertical line and 24% for the bottom longline fishery. Of the individuals released alive in the longline fishery, 42% had visual signs of barotrauma stress (air bladder expansion/and or eyes protruding). In the vertical line fishery, 35% of the fish were released in a stressed state. Red grouper and red snapper size composition by depth and gear type were determined. Catch-per-unit-effort for dominant species in both fisheries, illustrated spatial differences in distribution between the eastern and western Gulf. Hot Spot Analyses for red grouper and red snapper identified areas with significant clustering of high or low CPUE values.
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Management
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
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  • 4
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    Skimmer Trawl Fishery Catch Evaluations in Coastal Louisiana, 2004 and 2005 (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9709 | 403 | 2012-08-14 16:51:02 | 9709 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Fishery observers collected data from 307 tows during 96 trips aboard skimmer trawl vessels in Louisiana’s coastal waters from September 2004 through June 2005 to estimate catch rates of target and nontarget species, including sea turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae), by area and season during commercial shrimping operations. About 16,965.7 kg of total catch were recorded during 517.0 hours of fishing operations. Based on weight extrapolations from species composition samples, penaeid shrimp (Penaeidae)dominated the catch at 66%, followed by finfish at 19%, nonpenaeid shrimp crustaceans at 7%, discarded penaeid shrimp at 6%, and debris at 3%. Noncrustaceaninvertebrates comprised less than 1%. Catch rates in kilograms per hour by category was 21.6 for penaeid shrimp, 6.2 for finfish, 2.2 for nonpenaeid crustaceans, 1.8 for discarded penaeid shrimp, and 0.9 for debris. White shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, other penaeid shrimp, and Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, were the top three dominant species by weight. Seasonally, a higher catch rate was observed from May through August 2005 for penaeid shrimpas compared with the September through December 2004 period. Conversely, the September through December 2004 period experienced a higher catch rate for finfish than during May through August 2005. No sea turtle interactions were documented.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Management
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectral narrowing in optically pumped poly (p-phenylenevinylene) FilmsWe thank Cambridge Display Technology (CDT) for supplying the PPV precursor used in this research. This work is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, and is part of a collaborative program with the chemistry group of A. B. Holmes and S. C. Moratti in Cambridge. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 9 (1997), S. 547-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19970090705
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and quantitation of urinary dicarboxylic acids as their dicyclohexyl esters in disease states by gas chromatography mass spectrometryMMA = methylmalonic acid; EMA = ethylmalonic acid. (1979)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 6 (1979), S. 546-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Clinical studies were conducted by gas chromatography mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring of urinary dicarboxylic acids as dicyclohexyl esters. The dicyclohexyl esters of the dicarboxylic acids give characteristic electron impact mass spectra suitable for selected ion monitoring. The mass spectra exhibit a prominent acid + 1H ion and an (acid + 1H)- H2O ion for use as quantitating and confirming ions. The cyclohexyl esters are stable for days at room temperature and have excellent chromatographic properties. Dicarboxylic acid quantitation is performed within one hour using only 50 μl of unpurified urine. A rapid method specifically for methylmalonic acid quantitation is described which has assisted physicians in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia and methylmalonic aciduria. This procedure is applicable for screening urinary organic acids for detection of inborn errors of metabolism. The detection of a child with elevated medium length dicarboxylic acids in the terminal urine specimen is reported. This condition, previously described as an inborn error, is attributed to a terminal event. Finally, an increase in urinary succinic acid paralleling putrescine levels is described during a response to cancer chemotherapy.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200061203
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gravimetric measurements of steady-state moisture uptake in spin-coated polyimide films (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyimide (PI) is an insulating polymer that is finding increased use in the semiconductor industry as an intermetal dielectric, passivation coating, and planarization layer. It has a low dielectric constant (3.5 at audio frequencies) and can be processed at temperatures below 450°C. These features make PI attractive to the integrated circuit industry. One disadvantage of this material is that, like most polymers, it is hygroscopic. Moisture can lead to such reliability problems in integrated circuits as increased insulator conductivity, loss of adhesion, and corrosion. It is important to quantify the moisture uptake in polyimide so that the reliability implications of its use can be fully understood. In this study, the steady-state moisture uptake of the model PI pyromellitic dianhydride-oxydianiline (PMDA-ODA) is reported. The moisture uptake is measured using a Cahn 1000 Microbalance with a 1-μg resolution. The samples are prepared by spin-coating one or more layers of the precursor polyamic acid onto 2-in silicon substrates. The moisture uptake in these polymers is found to be linearly related to ambient relative humidity, and the maximum moisture uptake by weight is 3.2%. The moisture uptake in PI is also shown to be a bulk absorption rather than a surface adsorption phenomenon.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420109
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aging on polyimide: A study of bulk and interface chemistry (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 271-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We are investigating the bulk and interfacial chemistry of polyimide (PI) exposed to heat and relative humidity (RH) stress (85°C/85% RH) over long periods to understand the long-term reliability aspects of PI for microelectronic applications. The PI surface chemistry and the PI-Si interface chemistry was followed with electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). For exposure times greater than 550 h, the PI surface exhibits significant changes in emission structure and atomic concentration. The PI-Si interface indicates little change in the PI chemistry when compared to control samples. The water-contact angle at the PI surface shows no statistically significant change as a function of exposure time. Bulk and surface chemistry were followed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in a grazing incidence reflection configuration. There were measurable differences in FTIR spectra between aged and control samples only for the case of very thin PI layers. These results suggest that for exposure times of less than 1100 h, chemical changes in PI occur primarily at the PI-air interface for samples 1 μm thick and greater. These changes represent a possible rearrangement of the imide structure and may be a form of deimidization of the polymer, but the final state is not polyamic acid. The PI surface chemistry changes observed with ESCA are reversible upon reheating to the cure temperature.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460208
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of radical trapping reagents upon formation of poly(α-tetrahydrothiophenio para-xylylene) polyelectrolytes by the wessling soluble precursor method (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 2223-2231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(arylene vinylene) ; poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene) ; poly(para-phenylene vinylene) ; para-xylylene ; 1,4-benzoquinodimethane ; radical polymerization ; conducting polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular weights were studied by gel permeation chromatography of derivatized poly(α-tetrahydrothiophenio para-xylylene) chloride produced by aqueous or methanolic base-induced polymerization of 1,4-bis(tetrahydrothiopheniomethyl) benzene dichloride, both with and without a variety of added polymerization inhibiting agents. Efficient radical scavenging agents such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinoxyl and hydrogen atom donor 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylaniline reduced the degree of polymerization of the reactive α-(tetrahydrothiophenium chloride)-para-xylylene intermediate produced in this chemistry, and in some cases completely suppressed formation of high polymer. These two traps did not affect the equilibrium production of the para-xylylene by UV-Vis spectral analysis; hence they must affect the subsequent polymerization chain propagation steps in the mechanism. Electron spin resonance studies of polymerization in the presence of 0.00025 equiv of TEMPO showed disappearance of the spin label, a result consistent with a radical scavenging process. The results suggest that production of high molecular weight poly(α-tetrahydrothiophenio para-xylylene) chloride proceeds through a radical chain propagation sequence. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080301018
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Para-Xylylenes and analogues by base-induced elimination from 1,4-bis-(dialkylsulfoniomethyl)arene salts in poly(1,4-arylene vinylene) synthesis by the wessling soluble precursor method (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 2233-2240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: para-xylylenes ; 1,4-benzoquinodimethanes ; conducting polymers ; poly(arylene vinylene)s ; poly(phenylene vinylene)s ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: para-Xylylenes are generated by treatment of various 1,4-bis(dialkylsulfoniomethyl)arene dihalides with base in water, methanol, and aqueous acetonitrile, as shown by UV-Vis spectroscopy. This procedure allows the monitoring of the transient xylylene monomers that yield polyelectrolyte precursor polymers for poly(arylene vinylene)s, formed by variations of the chemistry developed originally by Wessling and co-workers. Alkoxy, alkyl, and halogen ring substituents on the sulfonium salt precursors do not greatly affect the ability to generate and observe the growth and decay of steady-state concentrations of the para-xylylene intermediates. Use of strong resonance-acceptor substituents - such as cyano or nitro - on the ring reduces production of a strong para-xylylene absorption, possibly due to reluctance of the ylides initially formed from the bis-sulfonium salts to eliminate to the xylylenes. By variation of UV-Vis conditions, it was found that use of 20% aqueous acetonitrile rather than water allowed formation of low to modest molecular weight polyelectrolytes in cyano-substituted cases (Mw = 8000-37,000). Use of UV-Vis test experiments should be useful for screening of bis sulfonium salt precursors that may be expected to give high molecular weight polyelectrolytes - in cases where para-xylylene formation is easy - as well as for finding reaction conditions that will optimize polymer formation. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080301019
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