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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Caribbean Sea ; Fish behavior ; Phenotypic plasticity ; Predation pressure ; Predation risk ; Reproductive success ; Wrasse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Green razorfish are Caribbean wrasses that live in harems on shallow sand or seagrass beds, which offer little cover for predator avoidance (PA). Field observations showed that non-conspecific fishes that intruded were either attacked, ignored, or actively avoided. Food competitors and small piscivores were attacked by male razorfish. Razorfish PA behaviors varied among three habitats with different substratum compositions, suggesting that these fish possess phenotypic plasticity for PA behavior. In a rocky-rubble habitat, razorfish dove into the coarse sand for PA, but most sand dives observed there were to soften a small site for future PA. In a sandbed habitat, they hid among coral branches and dove into the sand when attacked; few maintenance dives were observed as soft sand was widespread. In a seagrass habitat, they hid among blades of grass for PA, and dove into the sand less frequently than at the other sites. Some female razorfish that were transferred among habitats adopted PA behaviors similar to those of females in the new site, while others did not, suggesting that behavioral plasticity is not universal in this species. Razorfish spawned lower in the water column in the presence of natural predators and a predator model, than when these were absent. When the predator model was introduced into a male's territory during spawning periods, there was a reduction in his courtship rate, but not in the number of spawns he achieved. Predation pressure may reduce males' long-term fitness by causing decreased courtship rates which can facilitate sex change in harem females.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Caribbean Sea ; Fish behavior ; Phenotypic plasticity ; Predation pressure ; Predation risk ; Reproductive success ; Wrasse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Green razorfish are Caribbean wrasses that live in harems on shallow sand or seagrass beds, which offer little cover for predator avoidance (PA). Field observations showed that non-conspecific fishes that intruded were either attacked, ignored, or actively avoided. Food competitors and small piscivores were attacked by male razorfish. Razorfish PA behaviors varied among three habitats with different substratum compositions, suggesting that these fish possess phenotypic plasticity for PA behavior. In a rocky-rubble habitat, razorfish dove into the coarse sand for PA, but most sand dives observed there were to soften a small site for future PA. In a sandbed habitat, they hid among coral branches and dove into the sand when attacked; few maintenance dives were observed as soft sand was widespread. In a seagrass habitat, they hid among blades of grass for PA, and dove into the sand less frequently than at the other sites. Some female razorfish that were transferred among habitats adopted PA behaviors similar to those of females in the new site, while others did not, suggesting that behavioral plasticity is not universal in this species. Razorfish spawned lower in the water column in the presence of natural predators and a predator model, than when these were absent. When the predator model was introduced into a male's territory during spawning periods, there was a reduction in his courtship rate, but not in the number of spawns he achieved. Predation pressure may reduce males' long-term fitness by causing decreased courtship rates which can facilitate sex change in harem females.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 38 (1991), S. 1034-1040 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: amino acid fermentation ; culture redox potential ; fermentation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We investigated the relationship of dissolved oxygen and culture redox potential (CRP) on amino acid production. Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 14296 was used for all experiments. The fermentation can be divided into a growth phase and a production phase. Our results indicate that in order to get higher amino acid production, a lower oxygen supply during the exponential phase is favored. A higher oxygen supply rate appears to be necessary during the production phase. Culture redox potential (CRP) was used to monitor the fermentation. CRP readings were observed to drop to a characteristic minimum value as the metabolic state changed from a growth to production phase. This was evidenced by the commencement of amino acid production and a simultaneous uptake of lactate. Upon lactate exhaustion, the CRP increased abruptly. At the same time, maximal amino acid yields were observed. By the use of minimum CRP as an indication of metabolic phase changes, the agitation rate was changed to increase oxygen supply during the production phase. This significantly increased amino acid production. These results show that culture redox potential measurements can be used to monitor and optimize amino acid production by process manipulation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 44 (1994), S. 453-459 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: NAD(P)H fluorescene ; on-line monitoring ; amino acid fermentation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The amino acid fermentation by Corynebacterium glutamicum was monitored with an new technique that uses the first derivative of the NAD(P)H fluorescene signal. The rate of change of NAD(P)H pools is indicative of intracellular redox balance variations that correspond to metabolic changes. The profile of this signal showed several characteristics that coincided with major metabolic events during fermentation. We show here that the derivative fluorescence signal can accurately estimate points of threonine depletion, viable cell count, and the end of amino acid formation. Furthermore, on-line optimization strategies can be developed by using the derivative fluorescene signal. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 851-857 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: reducing agent ; dithiothreitol ; redox potential ; amino acid fermentation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study focuses on the effects of the reducing agents, dithiothreitol (DTT) and glutathione (GSH), on amino acid production in aerobically growing Corynebacterium glutamicum. The problem of reducing agent addition affecting the dissolved oxygen level was solved by positioning the culture at a high dissolved oxygen level and feeding the reducing agent into the fermentor. We show that it is possible to lower the redox potential even in a highly aerobic environment. The addition of DTT to the fermentation during the growth phase caused a significant increase in specific amino acid production rate and total amino acids produced, as compared with a control. In contrast, GSH had an inhibitory effect. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2 (1985), S. 14-19 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerous methods have been reported in the literature for the measurement of (submicron) particle size distribution by turbidimetry. Attempts to apply some of these to coupler dispersions (oil-in-water emulsions of importance in the photographic industry) have not in general proved satisfactory, however, because small experimental errors lead to relatively large errors in the calculated distribution. In order to reduce this problem a turbidimetric technique involving measurements at two widely separated wavelengths, 400 nm and 2.22 μm, has been developed. Its accuracy has been demonstrated using polydisperse polystyrene latexes of known size distribution. With the aid of simple, purpose-built equipment, linked to a desktop computer, the technique has been largely automated so that it is suitable for use by an unskilled operator working in a factory environment.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: High Tc superconductors ; Precursors ; Copper ; Calcium ; Barium ; Yttrium ; Strontium ; Fluorinated β-dikeonates ; Ethanol ; Tetradecafluorononanedione ; Decafluoroheptanedione ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The new β-diketone 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-tetradecafluorononane-4,6-dione (HTDFND) has been prepared and employed in the formation of complexes of Cu, Ca, Sr, Ba and Y. Complexes of the same metals derived from the β-diketone 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,7,7,7-decafluoroheptane-2,4-dione (HDFHD) have also been prepared. In general the compounds have the formula [M(TDFND)2H2O] or [M(DHFD)2H2O], although the yttrium complexes are [Y(β-diket)3] · xH2O (β-diket ≡ TDFND (x = 3) or DFHD (x = 2)). The complexes have been characterised by analytical and spectroscopic means and by a crystal structure of [Cu(TDFND)2EtOH] obtained by recrystallisation of [Cu(TDFND)2H2O] from aqueous ethanol. Crystal data for [Cu(TDFND)2EtOH]: triclinic, P̄1, a = 11.249(4) Å, b = 12.331 (2) Å, c = 12.890(2) Å, α = 96.89(2)°, β = 108.93(3)°, γ = 109.63(3)°, V = 1541.54 Å3, Z = 2. The complex is square pyramidal with the four oxygen atoms of the β-diketonates occupying the basal sites and the oxygen atom of the co-ordinated ethanol molecule in the apical position. The C3F7 ligands take up an extended staggered configuration in order to minimise steric repulsions. The complex is monomeric with intermolecular distances all greater than 4 Å. Simultaneous thermal analysis at 1 atm reveals that all the compounds lose water but then sublime, usually completely without decomposition. [Ba(TDFND)2H2O] is the first barium complex for which this is the case and it can be dehydrated to give [Ba(TDFND)2], which is also volatile but becomes less volatile with time. [Ba(TDFND)2H2O], [Sr(TDFND)2H2O] and [Ca(DFHD)2H2O] are suitable precursors for the growth of MF2 on silicon substrates. Complete orientation in the (111) direction is observed. Changes in the film growth rate with time for all the precursors are attributed to sample decomposition ([M(DFHD)2H2O], M ≡ Ca or Sr) or to slow reorganisation of the crystal structure ([Ba(TDFND)2H2O]). Layers with Y:Ba:Cu ratios close to the required 1:2:3 have been grown using [Y(DPM)3], [Cu(DPM)2] and [Ba(DFHD)2H2O] (DPM ≡ 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fragmentation behavior of N-phenyliminotriphenylphosphorane has been studied by examining the mass spectra of the title compound and eight of its substituent-labeled derivatives. These compounds were found to be quite stable to electron-impact, exhibiting strong molecular ions (base peak) and little fragmentation. The majority of the cleavage products are analogous to those observed with triphenylphosphonium ylids, the [M - H] fragment ion being usually very intense.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 30 (1897), S. 2618-2620 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 31 (1898), S. 354-355 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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