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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hollow fiber bioartificial liver utilizing collagen-entrapped porcine hepatocyte spheroids (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 52 (1996), S. 34-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: hepatocyte spheroid ; porcine hepatocyte ; hollow fiber ; bioartificial liver ; collagen ; bioreactor ; ureagenesis ; albumin synthesis ; glucuronidation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A xenogeneic hollow fiber bioreactor utilizing collagen-entrapped dispersed hepatocytes has been developed as an extracorporeal bioartificial liver (BAL) for potential treatment of acute human fulminant hepatitis. Prolonged viability, enhanced liver-specific functions, and differentiated state have been observed in primary porcine hepatocytes cultivated as spheroids compared to dispersed hepatocytes plated on a monolayer. Entrapment of spheroids into the BAL can potentially improve performance over the existing device. Therefore, studies were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing spheroids as the functionally active component of our hybrid device. Confocal microscopy indicated high viability of spheroids entrapped into cylindrical collagen gel. Entrapment of spheroids alone into collagen gel showed reduced ability to contract collagen gel. By mixing spheroids with dispersed cells, the extent of collagen gel contraction was increased. Hepatocyte spheroids collagen-entrapped into BAL devices were maintained for over 9 days. Assessment of albumin synthesis and ureagenesis within a spheroid-entrapment BAL indicated higher or at least as high activity on a per-cell basis compared to a dispersed hepatocyte-entrapment BAL device. Clearance of 4-methylumbelliferone to its glucuronide was detected throughout the culture period as a marker of phase II conjugation activity. A spheroid-entrapment bioartificial liver warrants further studies for potential human therapy. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron ionization mass spectra of some substituted stereoisomeric 1,6,7,11b-tetrahydro-2h,4H[1,3]oxazino[4,3-a]-isoquinolines and 1,6,7,11b-tetrahydro-2H[1,3]oxazino [4,3-a]-isoquinolin-4-ones1 (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 998-1002 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The mass spectra often substituted oxazino[4,3-a]isoquinolines, two isoquino[2,1-c][1,3]benzoxazines and seven substituted oxazino[4,3-a]isoquinolin-4-ones were recorded under electron impact ionization. Fragmentations were examined by metastable ion analysis, collision induced dissociation and exact mass measurement. The oxazinoisoquinolines and oxazinoisoquinolin-4-ones behaved similarly, although there were a few differences in the fragmentation and especially in the peak intensities. The most important fragmentation began with the opening of the oxazole ring. The substituents affected the fragmentation of the isomeric compounds, whereas the spectra of the stereoisomeric compounds were identical. The two isoquinobenzoxazines differed noticeably from the other compounds in their fragmentation behaviour; the additional phenyl ring prompted entirely new fragmentations unique to this structure.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290091105
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tautomerism of some amino diol and amino alcohol derivatives in the gas, phase1 (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 916-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The mass spectrometric behaviour of condensation products of nine substituted benzaldehydes with 3-amino-1,2-propanediol and 3-amino-1-phenoxy-2-propanol was studied under electron impact and chemical ionization. The 70 eV electron impact mass spectra showed that, as in solution, the amino diol derivatives existed as three different structural isomers in the gas phase: viz. open-chain Schiff base, oxazolidine and tetrahydro-1,3-oxazine. The fragmentations revealed a large amount of the decomposed molecular ions to have the open-chain structure, but also that the amount of both ring forms was considerable. In the same way, with the amino alcohol derivatives both the open-chain and the oxazolidine ring forms were present in the gas phase. In all cases, the ring formation was much more favourable in the gas phase than in solution. Substituents at the phenyl ring caused changes in the relative amounts of the different forms: electron-withdrawing substituents shifted the equilibria in favour of the ring forms while electron-donating substituents favoured the open-chain form. Under chemical ionization, methane, isobutane and acetone were used as reagent gas. Methane was the only reagent gas that led to some fragmentation of the protonated molecules.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290091010
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron ionization mass spectrometry of some substituted, stereoisomeric, partly saturated 1,3- and 3,1-benzoxazino-1,3-benzoxazinesSaturated Heterocycles, Part 232. (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 1035-1037 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electron ionization mass spectra of five substituted, partly saturated 3,1-benzoxazino-1,3-benzoxazines and four substituted 1,3-benzoxazino-1,3-benzoxazines were measured and analysed. The fragmentation pathways were elucidated by metastable ion analysis and exact mass measurement. Although the principal fragmentations were similar for all these compounds, there was an important difference between the two groups as concerns the fragmentation routes. Both routes led to the same fragment ion, but in different ways depending on the ring structure. On the basis of the different fragmentation mechanisms, the 3,1-benzoxazino-1,3-benzoxazines and the 1,3-benzoxazino-1,3-benzoxazines can be distinguished mass spectrometrically. The saturation, the stereochemistry and the substituents all affected the fragmentations, mainly the peak intensities.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290091113
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of sulphur and its mixtures with polyfunctional monomers on the efficiency of crosslinking of polypropylene initiated by dicumyl peroxide (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 133 (1985), S. 53-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Gelbildung bei der durch Dicumylperoxid (DCP) initiierten Vernetzung von isotaktischem Polypropylen wird durch Zugabe von Schwefel bei 170°C gefördert; die Gelbildung in Abhängigkeit von der Schwefelkonzentration (cDCP = const.) zeigt ein Maximum bei einem Verhältnis von DCP/S = 1. Der höchste Gelgehalt bei DCP/S = 1 wird in Gegenwart von etwa 0.7% Schwefel erhalten. Die Zugabe von Divinylbenzol (DCP/S = 1) beeinflußt den Gelgehalt kaum, während Pentaerythritol-tetrallylether ihn erheblich erniedrigt.
    Notes: Gel formation in crosslinking of isotactic polypropylene initiated by dicumyl peroxide (DCP) is increased by addition of sulphur at 170°C; the dependence of gel formation on sulphur concentration (cDCP = const.) has a maximum at DCP/S equal to one. The highest gel content at DCP/S = 1 is obtained in the presence of about 0.7% of sulphur. The addition of divinylbenzene influences slightly the gel content, while pentaerythritol tetrallylether decreases it considerably.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1985.051330105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crosslinking of polypropylene in the presence of polyfunctional monomers (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 69 (1978), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Vernetzung des ataktischen und isotaktischen Polypropylens wurde durch organische Peroxide in Gegenwart von Diallylmaleat und Pentaerythrityltetramethacrylat initiiert. Die Einfluß der Konzentrationen der Zusätze, der Temperatur und der Reaktionsdauer wurde untersucht. Für hohe Gelausbeuten erwies sich eine hohe Startgeschwindigkeit als notwendig. Weiterhin müssen die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten der Doppelbindungen der Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit des Peroxids ähnlich sein.
    Notes: The crosslinking of atactic and isotactic polypropylene initiated by organic peroxides in presence of diallyl maleate or pentaerythrityl tetramethacrylate was studied. The influence of concentration of the components of the crosslinking system as well as the effect of temperature and reaction time was followed. For high yield of gel, a high rate of initiation is necessary. Also the rate of reaction of double bonds must be similar to the rate of peroxide decomposition.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1978.050690109
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the type of radical initiator on crosslinking of polypropylene (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 106 (1982), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Wirkungsgrad der Vernetzung von isotaktischem Polyproylen wurde als Funktion des verwendeten Initiators und der Reaktionstemperatur untersucht. Die Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit des Initiators erwies sich als am wichtigsten für das Erreichen des Gelpunktes. Der Gesamtwirkungsgrad des Prozesses wird auch von der Art der primär gebildeten Radikale und der Reaktionstemperatur stark beeinflußt. Das Verhältnis der Anzahl von gebrochenen und neu gebildeten Bindungen wurde nach der Charlesby-Pinner-Gleichung bestimmt und ergab ungefähr 0,15 bei hoher stationärer Makroradikalkonzentration im Reaktionssystem.
    Notes: Crosslinking efficiency of isotactic polypropylene was studied as a function of the initiator used and of the reaction temperature. The decomposition rate of the initiator was found to be of prime importance for attaining the gel point. The over-all efficiency of the process is strongly influenced also by the type of the formed primary radicals and the reaction temperature. The ratio of the number of broken and newformed bonds determined according to the Charlesby-Pinner equation was found to be about 0.15 at high stationary macroradical concentration in the reaction system.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1982.051060111
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functionalization of isotactic poly(propylene) with maleic anhydride in the solid phase (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 243 (1996), S. 57-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß der Temperatur und der Art des Initiators auf den Wirkungsgrad der Pfropfung von Maleinsäureanhydrid auf Polypropylen wurde untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß aliphatische Peroxide wie z. B. Lauroylperoxid ungefähr um 20% effektiver sind als Dibenzoylperoxid, Dicumylperoxid, 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butylperoxyhexan oder Peroxybenzoesäure-tert-butylester.Der höhere Wirkungsgrad der Pfropfung von Maleinsäureanhydrid auf Polyethylen im Vergleich zu Polypropylen kann mit der längeren kinetischen Kette der Additionsreaktion bei Polyethylen erklärt werden.
    Notes: The influence of temperature and type of initiator on the grafting efficiency of maleic anhydride onto isotactic poly(propylene) powder under solid-state reaction conditions was investigated. The level of bonded maleic anhydride was found to be about 20% higher using aliphatic peroxide, such as lauroyl peroxide, in contrast to dibenzoyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butylperoxyhexane or tert-butyl perbenzoate as initiator.The higher grafting efficiency of maleic anhydride onto polyethylene when compared with poly(propylene) is accounted for by a higher kinetic length of the addition-transfer chain reactions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052430105
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reinitiation reactions of poly(methyl methacrylate) with labile bound fragments of initiatorvorgetragen beim International Symposium on Macromolekular Chemistry, 25th-30th Aug. 1969 in Budapest. (1969)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 9 (1969), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde festgestellt, daß Polymethylmethacrylat, hergestellt durch Polymerisation in Gegenwart von 3,3,4,4-Tetraphenylhexan (TPH), Polymerisationen oder Copolymerisationen, auslösen kann. Mit dieser Startreaktion gelang die Herstellung von Blockcopolymeren mit Styrol.Aus der umgekehrten Proportionalität zwischen der polymerisierenden Wirkung und dem Polymerisationsgrad des verwendeten Polymethylmethacrylates, das nach den angeführten Bedingungen erhalten wurde, wird geschlossen, daß die Polymerisation durch Radikale initiiert wird, welche bei der Dissoziation der Fragmente des Initiators TPH entstehen, die an den Enden der Polymethylmethacrylatmoleküle gebunden sind.
    Notes: It has been found that poly(methyl methacrylate) prepared by polymerization at the presence of 3,3,4,4-tetraphenyl hexane (TPH) causes the initiation of polymerization or copolymerization. By such an initiation it has been succeeded to prepare block methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymers.It is concluded of the inverse proportionality between the polymerization efficiency and the degree of polymerization of the poly(methyl methacrylate) prepared under mentioned conditions that the polymerization is initiated by radicals, which are rising at the dissociation of TPH initiator bound on the ends of poly(methyl methacrylate) molecules.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1969.050090107
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and structure elucidation of the by-product formed in the aminomethylation of α-methylstyrene (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 118 (1985), S. 551-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Isolierung und Strukturaufklärung eines bei der Aminomethylierungsreaktion von α-Methylstyrol entstehenden NebenproduktesDie Aminomethylierung von α-Methylstyrol (1) führt zu 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-4-phenylpyridin (3) als Hauptprodukt, zusammen mit einer beträchtlichen Menge eines bisher unbekannten Nebenproduktes, dessen N-Methyl-, O-Acetyl-N-methyl-, N, O-Diacetyl-, N-(4-Nitrobenzoyl)- und O-(4-Nitrobenzoyl)-Derivate (durch N → O-Acylwanderung) dargestellt wurden. Die Aromatisierung des Heteroringes lieferte 4-Phenyl-3-pyridinmethanol (8a). Gemäß den genannten Derivaten und deren IR-, 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren ist das Nebenprodukt 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-4-phenyl-3-pyridinmethanol (4a).
    Notes: Aminomethylation of α-methylstyrene (1) leads to 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenylpyridine (3) as main product, together with a significant amount of a previously unknown by-product. The N-methyl, O-acetyl-N-methyl, N, O-diacetyl, N-(4-nitrobenzoyl), and (via N → O acyl-migration) O-(4-nitrobenzoyl) derivatives of the by-product were synthesized. By aromatization of the heteroring, 4-phenyl-3-pyridinemethanol (8a) was obtained. According to these derivatives and their IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, the by-product is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-3-pyridinemethanol (4a).
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19851180215
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