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  • Chemistry  (64)
  • Structured Biological Modelling  (2)
  • Antisense repression  (1)
  • Carnegiea gigantea  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0303-2647
    Keywords: Oscillatory calcium waves ; Signal transduction ; Stochastic simulation ; Structured Biological Modelling ; Systems analysis
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Structured analysis ; mathematical modelling ; stochastic simulation ; cell cycle control ; tumor biology ; calcium oscillations ; signal transduction ; Structured Biological Modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we introduce a systematic approach for the modelling of complex biological systems which is especially useful for the analysis of signal transduction mechanisms in cell biology. It is shown that systems analysis in form of top-down levelled dataflow diagrams provides a powerful tool for the mathematical modelling of the system in terms of a stochastic formulation. Due to the exact formulation, the consistency of the model with the experimental results can be tested by means of a computer simulation. The method termed Structured Biological Modelling (SBM) is illustrated by modelling some aspects of the second messenger network which regulates cell proliferation. As an example for the strainghtforward development of a mathematical description a stochastic computer model for intracellular Ca2+ oscillations is presented.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 124 (2000), S. 536-543 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Saguaro ; Carnegiea gigantea ; Stable isotope ratios ; Resource use ; Zenaida asiatica mearnsii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We report the use of stable isotope and crop content analyses to quantify the use of saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) nectar and fruit by migratory desert white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica mearsnii). Saguaro resources had characteristically 13C-enriched CAM values (δ13C=–12.8±0.7‰ SD VPDB and –13.1±0.5‰ SD VPDB for nectar and fruit, respectively) relative to other food plants used by doves (δ13CC3=–24.9±3.3‰ SD VPDB). The water contained in saguaro nectar and fruit was deuterium enriched (δD=19.6±2.0‰ SD VSMOW and 48.4±1.6‰ SD VSMOW for nectar and fruit, respectively) relative to other water sources (ranging from –41 to –19‰ VSMOW). During the fruiting season, there was a positive correlation between δ13C in dove liver tissues and percent of saguaro in crop contents. A two-point mixing model indicated that during the peak of saguaro fruit use, most of the carbon incorporated in dove tissues was from saguaro. Desert white-winged doves appear to be saguaro specialists. Averaged over the period when doves were resident, saguaro comprised about 60% of the total carbon incorporated into dove tissues. Tissue δ13C and δD of body water showed a significant positive correlation, indicating that doves were using saguaro as a source of both nutrients and water. However, at the peak of saguaro utilization, the doves’ body-water δD was more positive (by about 20‰) than saguaro fruit water. We hypothesize that this enrichment is due to fractionated evaporative water losses by doves. Using dove carbon isotope data and a two end-point mixing model we estimate that, on average, doves consume the equivalent of 128 saguaro fruits per season; each fruit contains on average 26.0±14.8 g SD of pulp (wet mass) of which 19.4 g is water. Stable isotopes have been used to produce qualitative re-constructions of animal diets. Our study shows that they can be used to provide quantitative estimates of the flow of nutrients from resources into consumers as well.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Antisense repression ; Photosynthesis ; Solanum ; Starch synthesis ; Triose phosphate translocator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The introduction of an antisense DNA into transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants decreased the expression of the chloroplast triose-phosphate translocator and lowered its activity by 20–30%. With plants propagated from tubers, the effect of the transformation on photosynthetic metabolism was analysed by measuring photosynthesis, the formation of leaf starch, and the total and subcellular metabolite contents in leaves. Although the transformants, in contrast to those propagated from cell cultures, did not differ from the wild-type plants in respect to rates of photosynthesis, plant appearance, growth and tuber production, their photosynthetic metabolism was found to be severely affected. The results show that the decrease in activity of the triose-phosphate translocator in the transformants caused a fourfold increase in the level of 3-phosphoglycerate and a corresponding decrease in inorganic phosphate in the stromal compartment, resulting in a large increase in the synthesis of starch. Whereas during a 12-h day period wild-type plants deposited 43% of their CO2 assimilate into starch, this value rose to 61–89% in the transformants. In contrast to the wild-type plants, where the rate of assimilate export from the leaves during the night period was about 75% of that during the day, the export rate from leaves of transformants appeared to be much higher during the night than during the day. As the mobilisation of starch occurs in part hydrolytically, resulting in the formation of glucose, the triose-phosphate translocator loses its exclusive function in the export of carbohydrates from the chloroplasts when the photoassimilates are temporarily deposited as starch. It appears that by directing the CO2 assimilates mainly into starch, the transformants compensate for the deficiency in triose-phosphate translocator activity in such a way that the productivity of the plants is not affected by the transformation.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Fragmentation Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Electronegative β-Substituents, XXXII: Reaction of 2,2-Dialkyl-1-cyclohexyl-3-tosyloxy-1-propanone with NucleophilesTosylates 6 and 12 are synthesized starting from ketones 4 and 10,6 and 12 react with CH3Li to yield the oxetanes 17 and 20. LiBH4 reduction of 6 and 12 leads to the oxetanes 16 and 19, as well as to the tosyloxy alcohols 21 and 22. The neopentyl substitution products 7 and 13 are obtained from 6 and 12 with KCN in DMSO, whereas from 6 the cyano oxetane 18 was isolated too. With potassium tert-butoxide 6 reacts to give the enol ether 23, whereas 12 leads to the cyclo-butanone 25. The triflate 14 react with NaOCH3 to give the substitution product 15.
    Notes: Ausgehend von den Ketonen 4 und 10 werden die Tosylate 6 und 12 dargestellt, die mit CH3Li zu den Oxetanen 17 bzw. 20 reagieren. LiBH4-Reduktion von 6 bzw. 12 führt zu den Oxetanen 16 bzw. 19. daneben werden die Tosyloxy-alkohole 21 bzw. 22 isoliert. setzt man 6 bzw. 12 mit KCN in DMSO um, so werden die Neopentylsubstitutionsprodukte 7 bzw. 13, daneben aus 6 auch das Cyan-oxetan 18 erhalten. Mit Kalium-tert-butylalkoholat erhält man aus 6 den Enol-äther 23, dagegen aus 12 das Cyclobutanon 25. Das Triflat 14 reagiert mit NaOCH3 unter Substitution zu 15.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das erst kürzlich am System Aceton/Diäthyläther/Polystyrol (AC/DEE/PS) erstmals beobachtete Phänomen der «Echten Kosolvenz» wird bezüglich seiner Druckabhängigkeit untersucht und mit dem thermodynamischen Verhalten der entsprechenden binären Subsysteme verglichen. Zur Feststellung der Grenzen der vollständigen Mischbarkeit diente dabei eine Druckapparatur, die zur Messung der Trübung von fluiden Phasen im Bereich von -70 bis +500°Cund von 1 bis 4000 bar (105 bis 4·108 Nm-2) gebaut wurde.Die für das System DEE/PS (MPS = 20400) beobachtete kritische Kurve verlluft ahnlich wie die in der Literatur fur AC/PS angegebene, d. h. die oberen kritischen Entmischungs-temperaturen werden mit steigendem Druck zu kleineren, die unteren kritischen Entmi-schungstemperaturen zu griiljeren Werten verschoben. Im Falle der echten Kosolvenz (MPS = 110000) umschreibt die kritische Kurve fur Normaldruck den Bereich von Tempe-ratur und Zusammensetzung des Mischlosungsmittels, in dem die Liisungen unabhangig von der Polymerkonzentration stets homogen bleiben. Mit steigendem Druck vergriibert sich dieser Bereich allseitig, so dafi eine trompetenartige kritische Fllche entsteht. Dieses experimentelle Ergebnis wird theoretisch durch die «single-liquid approximation» von Scott recht gut wiedergegeben, wenn man das thermodynamische Verhalten der binaren Subsysteme auf der Basis der Prigogine-Patterson-Theorie beschreibt.
    Notes: The phenomenon of “true cosolvency”, which has only recently been observed in the system acetone/diethyl ether/polystyrene (AC/DEE/PS), is investigated with regard to its pressure dependence and compared with the thermodynamic behaviour of the corresponding binary sub-systems. For the determination of the limits of complete solubility, a pressure apparatus was used which had been constructed, in order to measure the turbidity of fluids in the temperature range of -70 to +500°Cand in the pressure range of 1 to 4000 bar (105 to 4·108 Nm-2).The critical line observed for the system DEE/PS (MPS=20400) looks similar to that reported for AC/PS in the literature, i.e. the upper critical solution temperatures are shifted towards lower and the lower critical solution temperatures towards higher values when the pressure is increased. In the case of true cosolvency (MPS=110000), the critical line for atmospheric pressure encircles the range of temperature and composition of the mixed solvent within which the solutions stay homogeneous irrespective of polymer concentration. With increasing pressure, this range expands all around, thus creating a trumpet-like surface. This experimental result is well reproduced theoretically by the “single-liquid approximation” of Scott, where the thermodynamic behaviour of the binary sub-systems is described on the basis of the Prigogine-Patterson theory.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: From the break-down in the viscosity and from the increase of the intensity of the scattered light, associated with the entrance into the two-phase region, the pressure dependence of the demixing temperature of solutions of PVC 37 000, PVC 75 000 and PVC 100 000 in phenetole and PVC 75 000 in o-xylene was measured up to 1 000 bar. (The numbers in the codes of the PVC specimens are their approximate molecular weights.) The application of pressure increases the demixing temperatures of PVC in both solvents by about 1 K/100 bar. For a qualitative forecast of the pressure effects, the solubility parameter theory in combination with the corresponding states principle, and an empirical correlation to the relative distance of the critical demixing temperature to the melting point of the pure solvent were used. The results of both concepts are in accord with the experimental findings.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Investigations with ca. 100 organic liquids in a temperature range from -20°C to 90°C result in a survey of the solubility behaviour of PVC. The experimental results were compared with the predictions of the solubility parameter theory: Accepting δ = 9,75 (cal/cm3)1/2 as the solubility parameter for PVC, all solvents (except ketones in which PVC is soluble independent of their solubility parameters) are located within the range of δPVC ± 0,75. Only three of the 100 liquids examined turned out to be (endothermal) theta-solvents, namely the aromatic solvents o-xylene, phenetole and dimethyl phthalate. The theta-temperatures in o-xylene and phenetole were determined viscometrically by means of the temperature dependence of the Mark-Houwink exponent to be 84 and 88°C, respectively. Viscosity measurements were also performed in the temperature range of 25 to 60°C with solutions of PVC 75 000 in 10 thermodynamically good solvents used for rheological investigations. In all cases the intrinsic viscosities decrease slightly with increasing temperature, i.e., all solutions are weakly exothermal. The binary cluster integral, β, was determined (taking the monomeric unit as the statistical segment) and the polar contribution, βe, was calculated from Yamakawa's theory. The correlations between the non-polar part of (βn = β - βe) and the solubility parameter of the solvent, found by Utracki, were tested and found to be valid for the present systems, too.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The countercurrent extraction method recently developed for the continuous polymer fractionation (CPF) was applied to linear polyethylene (M̄w = 55 kg/mol; M̄n = 16,7 kg/mol). At temperatures higher than 130°C, moderately concentrated solution of polyethylene were extracted to remove the low-molecular-weight components. Discontinuous fractionation experiments served to detect the best suited solvents. Diphenyl ether was chosen to demonstrate that the present extraction can be performed even with the same single solvent used to prepare the feed. For very high-molecular-weight polymers, mixed solvents are, however, normally better than single ones, since they allow an easier tailoring of thermodynamic conditions, and yield much less viscous solutions. Mixtures of tetralin and triethylene glycol turned out to be best suited for polyethylene. By means of four successive CPF runs with the single solvent, polyethylene fractions with non-uniformities U = (M̄w/M̄n) - 1 of approx. 0,3 to 0,4 were obtained on a 100 g scale. The rule of thumb that U can be halved in each CPF step without extensive optimization of the method was corroborated.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 1491-1504 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In a new theoretical approach the separation of a pair of chain molecules (measured thermodynamically by the second osmotic virial coefficient A2) is treated as a two-step process: In the first step the molecules are detached from each other by the addition of solvent - keeping their dimensions constant - and in the second step the now isolated coils are allowed to relax into their equilibrium dimensions. For the description of the second step, in which only segments belonging to one molecule take part, an intra-molecular interaction parameter is introduced on the basis of the intrinsic viscosity. The present two-parameter approach yields A2 = A2∞ + σ M-(1-a) for the dependence of A2 on the molecular weight M of the polymer; a is the exponent of the Kuhn-Mark-Houwink equation and σ a parameter measuring the effects associated with the second step (becoming zero if the coil dimensions do not depend on polymer concentration). A test of the above relation by means of published material demonstrates its superiority over other two parameter theories: It can describe the actually measured A2(M) well down into the region of oligomers without an additional parameter and it comprises the conceptual advantage of explaining experimental observations concerning ∂A2/∂M 〉 0 or ∂A2/∂M ≈ 0 for high A2 values.
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