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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymers from vinyl fluorideThis paper was presented at the Symposium on New Products and Applications for Fluorine-Containing Materials before the Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry at the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, September, 1959. Contribution No. 546 from the Central Research Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 4 (1960), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The free-radical polymerization of vinyl fluoride has been studied with the use of organic peroxide and azo initiators over the temperature range of 60-150°C. and at pressures of 75-1000 atm. Molecular weights of the polymers by osmotic pressure or radiotracer techniques were found to vary over the range of 45,000 to 180,000 depending on polymerization conditions employed. Stabilized high molecular weight polyvinyl fluoride may be compression-molded into tough, high-impact strength bars, or the unstabilized material may be cast into films from solvents such as dimethylformamide. The films, which may be cold drawn, are tough, brilliantly clear, and have tensile strengths near 8000 lb./in.2 They are also extremely resistant to weathering, maintaining clarity and cold drawability even after ten years' exposure in Florida.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1960.070041008
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass algal culture in space operations (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 299-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A system is described which uses photosynthesis to regenerate oxygen from exhaled carbon dioxide in sealed cabins in the absence of gravity. Design considerations as to choice of algal strain, illumination, nutrients and gas-exchange methods are discussed. Details are given of such an apparatus, of laboratory size, used to evaluate selected semipermeable gas-exchange membranes. Data is presented and extrapolated to estimate size and weight of a possible manned space system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020306
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaporation from drops containing dissolved solids (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 9-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the evaporation from single drops containing solids. By means of a specially designed sensitive balance, drops were suspended over a hot-air stream and their drying behavior was observed. Weight changes were measured during evaporation. Experimental data are presented on the time of appearance of the first solid phase and the formation of a solid crust for a wide range of drying conditions and materials. A theory is advanced for predicting the formation of a solid phase in drying a droplet containing a dissolved solid. This theory shows reasonable agreement with the experimental results. A tentative proposal for the application of the results to spray-dryer performance is suggested.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of plate wetting characteristics on pulse column extraction efficiency (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 619-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid-liquid extraction of acetic acid from the methyl isobutyl ketone-water system was studied as a function of plate wetting characteristics and other variables in a pulsed perforated-plate extraction column.Various combinations of stainless steel plates and polyethylene plates were used with different directions of solute transfer at a constant throughput of 82.6 lb. total flow/(min.) (sq. ft. column area) and with other operating variables in the following range:Frequency  -  16 to 117.1 c./min.Amplitude  -  0.492 and 0.973 in.W/K flow ratio  -  0.46 to 2.8 lb. water/lb. ketoneThe plate wetting characteristics were found to affect the column extraction efficiency when the solute transfer was from the continuous ketone phase to water. An all polyethylene plate arrangement provided the best efficiency (H. T. U.oc = 4.1 in.) while an all stainless steel plate arrangement was less efficient (H. T. U.oc = 6.1 in.) under the most favorable operating conditions. A combination of these two arrangements in the column produced efficiencies midway between the all-plastic plate arrangement and the all-stainless steel plate arrangement.Within the column flooding limits the extraction efficiency did not seem to be affected by the plate wetting characteristics when the solute transfer was from water to the continuous ketone phase.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060423
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat and momentum transport characteristics of non-Newtonian aqueous thorium oxide suspensions (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 631-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer and pressure-drop measurements were made with non-Newtonian aqueous thorium oxide suspensions. A comparison of the results of the two different kinds of measurement allowed the general features of non-Newtonian thorium oxide suspension heat transfer to be readily identified, thus leading to a clear understanding of anomalies observed in previous suspension heat transfer studies.Data were obtained at suspension concentrations up to 0.10 volume fraction solids, (1,000 g. of thorium/kg. of water) in systems having tube diameters of 0.318 and 1.030 in. In addition laminar-flow data were taken with a capillary-tube viscometer with a tube diameter of 1/8 in. and an L/D of 1,000. It was shown that laminar flow physical properties determined with the 1/8 in. diameter tube were satisfactory for correlating data taken with tubes up to 1.030 in. in diameter.Until the present study information was not available which would permit a choice between two different viscosities for use in correlating non-Newtonian turbulent heat transfer and flow data. The limiting viscosity at very high shear rates is shown to give a unique correlation of turbulent data for tube diameters from 0.124 to 1.030 in., whereas the use of the effective viscosity (that is the viscosity evaluated at the point value of the wall shear stress corresponding to each given flow condition) gives a pronounced diameter effect in turbulent-flow correlations.The data show that the onset of turbulence for both the pressure-drop and heat transfer measurements occurs at the same Reynolds number and is approximated by the value predicted by the Hedstrom criterion (II). The heat transfer transition region extends to Reynolds numbers a factor of four times greater than the critical, as is also the case with Newtonian materials. Heat transfer to thorium oxide slurries in fully developed turbulent flow is the same as that predicted by the usual correlations for Newtonian fluids to within the precision of the experimental data, provided that the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers are calculated with the limiting viscosity at high rates of shear, η, for this viscosity. An approximate form of Martinelli's momentum heat transfer analogy correlates the experimental results within +17 and -36%.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060425
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of interfacial area in immiscible liquids by orifice mixers (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 615-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The interfacial areas formed in various immiscible liquid pairs by an orifice mixer were measured by a photoelectric method, which had been calibrated photographically. In addition to the variation of the liquid pair, total flow rate, volume fraction of the dispersed phase, and the orifice diameter, the pipe diameter of the mixing orifice was also varied. It was found that the formation of interfacial area could be correlated as a function of the change in kinetic energy across the mixing orifice, the energy required to overcome the viscous forces within the dispersed phase, and the volume fraction of the dispersed phase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060422
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of hydrates in the methane-propylene-water system (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 602-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are presented to show the points of incipient hydrate formation in the methane-propylene-water system. The addition of 1.4% propylene to methane lowered the equilibrium pressure 400 lb./sq. in. at 50°F. The locus of the four-phase equilibrium consisting of hydrate, vapor, water-rich liquid, and hydrocarbon-rich liquid was determined. This was terminated by the appearance of a critical condition at 1,370 lb./sq. in. abs. and 69.3°F., where the vapor phase contained 34.8% propylene on a dry basis. Below this pressure the hydrate, vapor, water-rich liquid equilibrium does not exist for solutions containing more than about 25% propylene. Solid-vapor equilibrium ratios were estimated for propylene hydrates. The significant features of the phase diagrams for the system are discussed in some detail.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060419
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rigorous solution of multicomponent, multistage extraction problems (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 451-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new rigorous calculation and convergence method for multicomponent equilibrium stage processes is presented, and the application to multicomponent, multistage extraction problems is described. The application to the vapor-liquid equilibrium stage processes is discussed briefly.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060321
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    General short-cut equation for equilibrium stage processes (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 446-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An equation for the prediction of the separation of a multicomponent mixture in equilibrium stage processes is presented. The equation is applicable to extraction processes with up to three feeds (an intermediate feed, a feed at the extract end, and the solvent feed at the raffinate end) and both raffinate and extract reflux. In its simplest form (simple extraction, stripping, or absorption) the equation reduces to the familiar Kremser equation. The use of the equation to solve multicomponent distillation and extraction problems is illustrated by examples.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060320
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of dynamic surface tension on nucleate boiling coefficients (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 34-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the effects the surface tension of aqueous solutions of surface-active agents had on the bubble-formation characteristics of these solutions. Bubbles were formed by two processes: by passing air through a horizontal orifice submerged in the solution and by nucleate boiling at an electrically heated surface. The experimental measurements taken with the air-bubble system were used to determine the nature of the surface-tension effect on air-bubble formation. This knowledge was then applied to the interpretation of boiling measurements made with the same solutions. The boiling coefficients of the Tergitol-water solution were found to vary inversely with dynamic surface tension. Boiling coefficients for Aerosol-water solutions, however, varied in a manner which could not be related to surface-tension effects.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060107
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