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  • Chemistry  (306)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1975-1979  (330)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1978  (330)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A low-energy spectrometer for the X-ray analysis of plutonium and plutonium-containing materials has been built. We use ultra-thin window to maintain different pressures and contamination level in the spectrometers's sample and crystal chambers. Ultra-thin windows are also used on the X-ray tube and detector. Methods have been developed by which the spectrometer can analyze both metal and loose-powder samples. Representative calibration spectra are presented for the fluorine band in polyfluoroethylene, the oxygen band in α-Al2 O3, and the carbon band in graphite. Experimental spectra are presented for the fluorine band in PuF3 and for the oxygen ban in PuO2.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An optimized potential function for base-stacking interaction is constructed. Stacking energies between the complementary pairs of a dimer are calculated as a function of the rotational angle and separation distance. Using several different sets of atomic charges, the electrostatic component in the monopole-monopole approximation (MMA) is compared to the more refined segmented multipole-multipole representation (SMMA); the general features of the stacking minima are found to be correctly reproduced with IEHT or CNDO atomic charges. The electrostatic component is observed to control the location of stacking minima. The MMA, in general, is not a reliable approximation of the SMMA in regions away from minima; however, the MMA is reliable in predicting the location and nature of stacking minima. The attractive part of the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential is compared to and parameterized against the expression for the second-order interaction terms composed of multipole-bond polarizability for the polarization energy and transition-dipole bond polarizabilities for approximation of the dispersion energy. The repulsive part of the Lennard-Jones potential is compared to a Kitaygorodski-type repulsive function; changing the exponent from its usual value of 12 to 11.7 gives significantly better agreement with the more refined repulsive function. Stacking minima calculated with the optimized potential method are compared with various perturbation-type treatments. The optimized potential method yields results that compare as well with melting data as do any of the more recent and expensive perturbation methods.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies to examine the microbial fermentation of coal gasification products (CO2, H2 and CO) to methane have been done with a mixed culture of anaerobic bacteria selected from an anaerobic sewage digestor. The specific rate of methane production at 37°C reached 25 mmol/g cell hr. The stoichiometry for methane production was 4 mmol H2/mol CO2. Cell recycle was used to increase the cell concentration from 2.5 to 8.3 g/liter; the volumetric rate of methane production ran from 1.3 to 4 liter/liter hr. The biogasification was also examined at elevated pressure (450 psi) and temperature to facilitate interfacing with a coal gasifier. At 60°C, the specific rate of methane production reached 50 mmol/g cell hr. Carbon monoxide utilization by the mixed culture of anaerobes and by a Rhodopseudomonas species was examined. Both cultures are able to carry out the shift conversion of CO and water to CO2 and hydrogen.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion Inhibitors 21 (1) - Investigations into the autoxidation of Fe2+ salts of tetramethylene-1,4-bis-, hexamethylene-1,6-bis-, benzene-1,4-bis-phosphonic acids, phosphoric acid and pyrophosphoric acid as a model of a surface layer inhibiting the corrosion of ironThe efficiency of organic bisphosphonic acids as inhibitors of the corrosion of iron is due to the fact that Fe2+ ions leaving the iron surface react with the acid immediately and give rise to the formation of threedimensional surface layers. The more dense the structure of these layers, the more resistant these network is against oxygen and the more resistant to hydrolysis are the Fe—OP bonds, the better the protective effect. Oxygen as well as chloride ions are then prevented excess to the metal surface. The distribution of phosphorus in the precipitates obtained during the model experiments yields information concerning the degree of crosslinking.
    Notes: Die Wirksamkeit der organischen Bisphosphonsäuren als Inhibitoren der Korrosion von Eisen ist dadurch bedingt, daß die aus der Eisenoberfläche auftretenden Fe2+-Ionen direkt am Austrittsort mit den Säuren reagieren und an Ort und Stelle dreidimensional vernetzte Deckschichten aufbauen. Je dichter die Struktur dieser Schichten, je beständiger das Netzwerk gegen Sauerstoff und je hydrolysebeständiger die Fe—OP-Bindungen, desto besser ist die Schutzwirkung: Dadurch wird sowohl dem Sauerstoff als auch dem Chloridion der Zugang zur Metalloberfläche verwehrt. Die Modellversuche ermöglichen aufgrund der Verteilung des Phosphors in den Niederschlägen Rückschlüsse auf den Vernetzungsgrad.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1029-1035 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mixing of particles and gases in confined, coaxial jets in the presence of recirculation was studied. Particle and gas mixing rates were measured for conditions simulating processes involving pulverized coal combustion and entrained gasification. The effects of mixing chamber diameter, gas velocity, particle size, and particle loading level on mixing rates were determined from particle mass flux and gas tracer measurements. In every case, the gas mixed much faster than did the particles. Introduction of an expanded mixing chamber of larger diameter (with recirculation zone) significantly increased both gas and particle mixing rates over that for a smaller mixing chamber without recirculation. However, this observed increase was not strongly dependent upon the diameter of the larger mixing chamber. Increasing secondary velocity also increased mixing rates significantly.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1117-1126 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Compressive fatigue experiments have been designed to compare this long term mechanical life property with shorter term stress-strain behavior. Fatigue lifetime curves can be represented by three distinct regions. The fatigue failure curves shift to shorter lifetimes and lower stresses as temperature is increased. The results are discussed in terms of the Zhurkov model of static fatigue failure. Using a Coulomb-Navier yield criterion modified rate expression, it is clear that activation energy and activation volume are functions of temperature. A change in temperature dependence of activation energy and endurance limiting stress occurs near the β transition suggesting that this molecular process is related to the fatigue process. The nearly identical dependence of fatigue and stress-strain activation energies and activation volumes with temperature suggest that both deformation processes may be controlled by a similar mechanism, i.e., localized plastic deformation. Utilizing these concepts, a simple model of fatigue allows correlation of the endurance limiting stress and the number of stress cycles at the endurance limiting stress with measures of resistance to plastic flow as determined from stress-strain data for this polystyrene. These data are used to project the longest and shortest mechanical fatigue lifetimes for these deformation conditions.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1109-1116 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compressive stress-strain behavior of a commercial polystyrene has been studied and the effect of deformation temperature on modulus, yield stress, percent yield strain and yield energy was determined. Yield energy is the only one of these parameters that is linear with temperature in the ductile region. A change in the mode of failure from ductile to brittle occurs between 5-30°C at a strain rate of O.1/in./in./min. At all temperatures studied, the yield or fracture stress varied linearly with the rate of deformation for strain rates ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 in./in./min. The yield data as a function of temperature were analyzed via a rate expression modified to incorporate the Coulomb-Navier yield criterion, Activation energy was found to be a function of deformation temperature with a change in slope occurring near the β transition. Activation volume increased linearly with deformation temperature, for the range studied. Agreement of dynamic mechanical and yield activation energies imply that the type of motion and the height of the energy barrier are similar for both. However, an increase in activation volume for stressed vs unstressed conditions suggests that a greater number of chain segments move as a result of stress biasing. Also the increase of both activation volume and activation energy with temperature implies that the correlated length of chain movement increases as temperature is increased. Similar to activation energy, yield stress exhibits a change in temperature dependence near the β transition. Data on other glassy polymers suggest that the highest temperature sub-Tg, transition is related to the change in the temperature dependence of yield stress.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 293-298 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper the effect of temperature and filler content φ on electrical resistivity of styrene-acrylonitrile polymer filled with iron or aluminium powders has been investigated. The resistivity of such composites decreases suddenly by several orders of magnitude at a critical volume concentration φc, which depends on the size distribution of particles and on thermal history. For filler content lower than φc, the resistivity decreases with increasing temperature, whereas for φ 〉 φc there is a sudden increase in resistivity at temperatures near the glass transition temperature of the polymeric matrix. This effect is more pronounced than the previously reported data on other composite systems.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 1763-1766 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 2395-2396 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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