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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 141 (1986), S. 207-218 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Eignung von Methylisobutylketonperoxid (MIKP) als Initiator für die Hochdruckpolymerisation des Ethylens wurde geprüft. Dazu wurden Polymerisationsversuche in einem Rührautoklaven unter 1000 bis 2000 bar und 195 bis 310°C durchgeführt. Bei einer konstanten Verweilzeit von 30 s wurde die Initiatorkonzentration im Ansatz zwischen 6,5 und 42 mol ppm variiert. Außer der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit wurden Umsatz und Initiatorverbrauch bestimmt. Die Polyethylene (PE) wurde durch Messung von Schmelzindex, Dichte und teilweise der Molmassenverteilung charakterisiert.Bei Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeiten zwischen 1 und 5,5 kg PE I-1 h-1 wurden Umsätze von 5 bis 27% erreicht. Der Initiatorverbrauch bei 1700 bar war über einen Bereich von 220 bis 315°C in der Größenordnung von 1 bis 2 g I kg-1 PE-1.Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse kann gesagt werden, daß sich MIKP zur Initiierung der Ethylenhochdruckpolymerisation bei 220 bis 310°C insbesondere für den Rohrreaktor eignet.Die hergestellten Polyethylene wiesen Dichten von 0,910 bis 0,927 g ml-1 auf. Ohne Zusatz von Modifikatoren oder Vernetzern variierten die Schmelzindexwerte über einen sehr weiten Bereich. Die Polydispersitäten der unter 1700 und 2000 bar hergestellten Polymeren lagen zwischen 6 und 8 und damit in dem für Rührautoklaven erwarteten Bereich. Die Druckabsenkung auf 1000 bar führte zu erstaunlich niedrigen Polydispersitäten von 2,4 bis 3,7.
    Notes: An investigation was carried out into the suitability of methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide (MIKP) as initiator for the high pressure polymerization of ethylene. For this purpose, polymerization tests were carried out in a stirred autoclave at a pressure of 1000 to 2000 bar and a temperature of 195 to 310°C. The initiator concentration of the feed was varied between 6.5 and 42 mol ppm while the residence time was kept at a constant 30 s. Apart from the rate of polymerization, the conversion and the initiator consumption were also determined. The characteristic properties of polyethylene (PE) were determined by measuring the melt flow index, the density and, in some cases, the molecular weight distribution.Conversion levels of 5 to 27% were achieved with rates of polymerization between 1 and 5.5 kg PE l-1 h-1. The initiator consumption at 1700 bar was in the region of 1 to 2 g I kg-1 PE-1 over a temperature range of 220 to 315°C.In view of these results, MIKP can be considered as suitable to initiate ethylene high pressure polymerization at 220 to 310°C, particularly in the tubular reactor.The density of the polyethylene thus prepared is ranging between 0.910 and 0.927 g ml-1. Without the addition of modifiers or cross-linking agents, the melt flow index varies considerably. The polydispersity of the polymers prepared at a pressure of 1700 to 2000 bar was between 6 and 8 and therefore within the range to be expected for stirred autoclaves. Reducing the pressure to 1000 bar resulted in surprisingly low polydispersity values of 2.4 to 3.7.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 160 (1988), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Um die Eignung von stabilen Initiatoren für die Hochdruckpolymerisation von Ethylen zu prüfen, wurden Polymerisationsversuche in einem kontinuierlich betriebenen Rührautoklaven durchgeführt. Der Druck betrug 1700 bar und die mittlere Verweilzeit 30 Sekunden. Die Temperatur wurde im Bereich von 200 bis 360°C eingestellt, die Initiatorkonzentration im Ethylenzulauf wurde zwischen 4 und 40 mol-ppm variiert. Als stabile Initiatoren wurden Di-tert-butylperoxid, Di-tert-amylperoxid, tert-Butylhydroperoxid sowie eine C—Cliable Verbindung, das 3,4-Dimethyl-3,4-diphenylhexan, ausgewählt. Aus den Polymerisationsversuchen wurden der Umsatz und der spezifische Initiatorverbrauch bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Polymeren wurden durch Messung ihrer Dichte, der mittleren Molmasse sowie des Schmelzindexes charakterisiert. Die eingesetzten stabilen Initiatoren zeichnen sich alle durch einen sehr geringen Verbrauch aus. Die optimale Einsatztemperatur liegt bei den Dialkylperoxiden sowie dem Alkylhydroperoxid deutlich über 200 und bei dem C—C-labilen Initiator über 300°C. Unter diesen Bedingungen wurden Polymere mit niedriger Dichte, niedriger Molmasse, engerer Molmassenverteilung und höherem Schmelzindex erhalten.
    Notes: In order to assess the suitability of stable initiators for the high pressure polymerization of ethylene, polymerization tests were carried out in a stirred autoclave in continuous operation. The pressure used was 1700 bar, the average residence time 30 seconds and the temperature was adjusted to between 200 and 360°C. The initiator concentration in the ethylene feed varied between 4 and 40 mol ppm. Di-tert-butyl peroxide, di-tert-amyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and 3,4-di-methyl-3,4-di-phenyl hexane, a C—C labile compound, were chosen for use as stable initiators. The level of conversion and the specific initiator consumption were determined. The polymers obtained were characterized by measuring their density, average molecular weight, and melt flow index. The stable initiators used were all characterized by a very low level of consumption. In the case of dialkyl peroxides and alkyl hydroperoxide, the optimum application temperature is substantially above 200°C and above 300°C in the case of the C—C labile initiator. Under these conditions, polymers with a low density, a low molecular weight, a narrow molecular weight distribution and a high melt flow index were obtained.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 22 (1987), S. 238-240 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 60 (1988), S. 691-698 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The radioactive tracer method in the chemical industry. In the chemical industry the radioactive tracer method has become a method of analysis with a variety of applications, which range from determining traces of biologically active substances to process analysis in production plants. Process analysis, for instance the determination of residence-time distributions or of intermingling of streams of different substances, can be carried out under widely varying operating conditions. If the streams of material are labelled with gamma-ray emitters the distribution of the tracers can be determined by means of detectors outside the plant. To demonstrate the possible applications of the method to process analysis, measurements in three different plants are described. Exhaust gases were labelled with Ar-41 to determine the residence-time distribution in plant for the combustion of waste residues consisting of a rotary tube furnace, an afterburn chamber, and a waste-heat boiler. The waste water entering the activation tank of sewage-treatment plant was labelled with Na-24 to determine its residence-time distribution. Individual particles labelled with Mn-56 were used to investigate mixing of the powder in the stirred-bed reactor of a polypropylene plant. The knowledge gained from these measurements has contributed to optimization of existing and planned plant.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 24 (1989), S. 421-423 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of cyclic aromatic anhydrides have been found to exhibit doubly-charged positive ions in their field desorption mass spectrum which correspond to the formal loss of oxygen dianion followed by clustering with a neutral molecule. Admixtures of two anhydrides, which both exhibit this phenomenon, produce heterogeneous doubly-charged cluster ions. Admixture with anhydrides which do not show the effect, produces only homogeneous clusters at reduced intensity.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Design of an incinerator for industrial waste. For many years rotary kilns have been used in combination with an afterburner chamber followed by a steam boiler at BASF to incinerate the waste of chemical plants. Six incineration lines are available at the moment. As the amount of waste is always increasing an additional incinerator was necessary on increasing the incineration capacity a new flue gas cleaning system would have to be installed, not only for the new incinerator but also for the flue gas of five of the existing furnaces. The cleaning system will be done in two lines, each of them consists of an electric precipitator and a multistage scrubber. In order to design the new incinerator line, not only many operating conditions and legal prerequisites but also constructional and combustion requirements had to be considered. While the design of the rotary kiln is based essentially on empirical coefficients, e. g. on the burning load related to the furnace volume, the design of the afterburner chamber was made by the help of a numerical computation model supported by experimental model investigations. A further focal point was optimizing the operation of the waste burner which gave a primary reduction of the NOx emission.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advances in Polymer Technology 5 (1985), S. 87-97 
    ISSN: 0730-6679
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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