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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 36 (1997), S. 429-448 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Schlagwort(e): Extensional viscosity ; extensional flow ; elongational viscosity ; opposed nozzles ; extensional rheometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Opposed-nozzle devices are widely used to try to measure the extensional viscosity of low-viscosity liquids. A thorough literature survey shows that there are still several unanswered questions on the relationship between the quantity measured in opposed-nozzle devices and the “true” extensional viscosity of the liquids. In addition to extensional stresses, opposed nozzle measurements are influenced by dynamic pressure, shear on the nozzles, and liquid inertia. Therefore the ratio of the apparent extensional viscosity that is measured to the shear viscosity that is independently measured is greater than three even for Newtonian liquids. The effect of inertia on the extensional measurements is analyzed by computer-aided solution of the Navier-Stokes system, and by experiments on low-viscosity Newtonian liquids (1 mPa s〈/ηS ⩽ 800 mPa s). The effect of nozzle separation-to-diameter ratio on the average residence time of the liquid is analyzed under the assumption of simple extensional flow kinematics. The average residence time of the liquid is independent of this ratio unless the radial inflow section of the extensional flow volume is related to the nozzle separation. Experiments indicate that in some cases widening the gap lowers the apparent extensional viscosity that is measured, whereas in other cases the opposite is true. In the light of these theoretical considerations and experimental observations, the use of systematic corrections to extensional viscosity measurements on non-Newtonian liquids is not recommended. Thus opposed nozzle devices should be considered as useful indexers rather than rheometers. Finally, measurements on a series of semi-dilute solutions of high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) in. water are also reported.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 36 (1997), S. 429-448 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Extensional viscosity ; extensional flow ; elongational viscosity ; opposed nozzles ; extensional rheometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Opposed-nozzle devices are widely used to try to measure the extensional viscosity of low-viscosity liquids. A thorough literature survey shows that there are still several unanswered questions on the relationship between the quantity measured in opposed-nozzle devices and the “true” extensional viscosity of the liquids. In addition to extensional stresses, opposed nozzle measurements are influenced by dynamic pressure, shear on the nozzles, and liquid inertia. Therefore the ratio of the apparent extensional viscosity that is measured to the shear viscosity that is independently measured is greater than three even for Newtonian liquids. The effect of inertia on the extensional measurements is analyzed by computer-aided solution of the Navier-Stokes system, and by experiments on low-viscosity Newtonian liquids (1mPas≤η S ≤800mPas). The effect of nozzle separation-to-diameter ratio on the average residence time of the liquid is analyzed under the assumption of simple extensional flow kinematics. The average residence time of the liquid is independent of this ratio unless the radial inflow section of the extensional flow volume is related to the nozzle separation. Experiments indicate that in some cases widening the gap lowers the apparent extensional viscosity that is measured, whereas in other cases the opposite is true. In the light of these theoretical considerations and experimental observations, the use of systematic corrections to extensional viscosity measurements on non-Newtonian liquids is not recommended. Thus opposed nozzle devices should be considered as useful indexers rather than rheometers. Finally, measurements on a series of semi-dilute solutions of high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) in water are also reported.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2198-2211 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In roll coating as in other coating processes the coating liquid often suffers changes in properties on the time of the coating flow, that is, from fractions of a second upward depending on the amount of recirculation and recycling. The agents of change may be chemical reaction, colloidal aggregation, or evaporation. Hence the mean residence time and the residence time distribution of the liquid are important to designers and operators of coating processes. Here, building on the examination of roll-coating systems by Benjamin et al. (1995), the residence times of liquid coated by representative arrays of multiple rolls in the “forward roll” mode and relatively starved feed condition (neglecting the possibly significant effects of “rolling banks” and other internal recirculations when they are present) are analyzed. The dynamic response of these transfer coaters to step changes in the feed gap and to periodic gap changes, as from roll and bearing run-out, are also analyzed. No reports of operating or laboratory experiments are available for comparison. Nevertheless the results make plain how these quality-limiting features may depend don the number of rolls used; their sizes, speed, and arrangement, and the properties of the coating liquid.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1045-1060 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Roll coaters for applying liquid coating to continuous strip or web are, with some two-roll exceptions, systems of three or more rolls in which liquid passes through two or more gaps or nips between rolls. Yet most of the literature on roll coating is devoted to some of the 11 distinct flows in individual gaps or nips. This article analyzes how the final coated layer thickness in several types of forward roll transfer and reverse roll coating systems depends, at steady state, on the number of rolls, their speeds, the gaps between roll pairs, and the doctoring of recycle films from the rolls. The inputs to the analysis are elementary mass balances at the gaps, and simple gap performance equations that approximate well the available experimental and theoretical findings about flow rates and film-splits at individual gaps. The results are fundamentals-based means of understanding, comparing, predicting, and ultimately designing performance of multiple roll systems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 20 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 55-67 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The competition between drying and reactions in a liquid coating containing precursors to a random network polymer can give rise to a variety of drying phenomena. Solidification, or gelation, of the polymer may occur before, after, or during the removal of solvents from the coating. Rates of drying and reaction are probed by solving the equations of mass transfer by diffusion along with chemical reaction in one dimension. Solutions to this system of equations are obtained by Galerkin's method with finite-element basis functions and entail large-scale computation. Skinning, or solidification at the surface of the coating while the bulk is still liquid, occurs in thick coatings when the diffusional resistance to drying is significant, that is, at high mass-transfer coefficients. Homogeneous solidification occurs in thin coatings at low mass-transfer coefficients. Drying regime maps represent these solidification phenomena as regions in parameter space.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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